Mammon Winery

Mammon Winery, Inc is a wine company established by a man with the name Dionysus Mammon, Sr (Mann and Roberts).   He was an immigrant from Greece who came to the United States in 1930 (Mann and Roberts). Mammon Sr. founded the company on a line of non-varietal jug wines (Mann and Roberts).   Mammon Winery, Inc. found its strong hold in the market with this specialty line.   Later, having finished a degree in enology, the study of wine making, Dionysus Jr. would join his father in the company. Dionysus jr. began his wine making crusade by convincing his father to branch out and explore other options within the wine making industry (Mann and Roberts).   This new line of exploration was in the form of premium varietal wines.   However, in order to be successful in this venture, they needed a large increase of capital for purchasing the necessary vineyards (Mann and Roberts).   Reluctantly, Dionysus Sr. took the company public and secured the required funds (Mann and Roberts).   Forty percent of Mammon Winery Inc. became owned by the public (Mann and Roberts).   For the first time, â€Å"outsiders† sat in on the board of directors (Mann and Roberts). The issue most concerning Dionysus Sr. in regards to Mammon Winery, Inc. was how to present this new line of premium varietals.   To use the Mammon Winery corporate name or to not, was the big debate over the labeling of the bottles (Mann and Roberts).  Ã‚   When changing the look and scope of a particular line, using the corporate company name could be detrimental to the initial successful production of wines.   Dionysus Jr.’s want to use a different name just as Canadaigua, Gallo, and Mogen David had done, was not an out of the ordinary proposal. It offers protection to the Mammon Winery Inc. from the consumers of the other line attaching the â€Å"lower class† taste to the whole company (Mann and Roberts).   Another issue is that Dionysus Jr. wanted to change the size of the wine to a pint rather than leave it in traditional wine bottle form (Mann and Roberts).   The idea was that the easier to carry bottle would be more appealing to those in the middle to low economic class.   It would make the new line of production more marketable for the pensioners on a fixed income.   Dionysus Jr. was taking the company into a new area in which it could offer a product to the average consumer even if they were not big on drinking wine. Mammon Winery, Inc. proposed to enter a new wine market for lower-end wines, which is due to the increase in unit sales in the fortified wine market. This is an attempt to enter the cheap wine market and cash in on profits that come along with it. The proposal has a target demographic of middle-to-lower class, or pensioners on a fixed income (Mann & Roberts). In order for Mammon Winery, Inc to come from the bottom of the barrel to the crà ¨me of the crop replies heavily on several key fundamentals. The winery needs to identify and analyze the important issues of how can they capitalize on producing a cost efficient product that is entered into a market that is rising, and who is their chief demographic. Mammon Winery, Inc plans to introduce a low-end wine product that is made cheaply and sold by the pint (Mann & Roberts). It is recommended that the product to be sold by the pint to lower the cost, both for the company and consumer. It is planned to use rejected grapes from Mammon’s premium selection and the filling of their unused capacity is expected. In addition, it is noted that any grape is suitable and can insulate the company from bad grape years (Mann & Roberts). Mammon chooses to use less advertising, which will cut cost, and use wine gurus to entice consumers to their product. The chief demographic is individuals on a fixed income – middle-to-low class. On the other hand, it was reported that a competitor’s lower-end product hit it big with the â€Å"yuppie† crowd of England (Mann & Roberts). The individuals with fixed incomes will find this product appealing and convenient. Mammon Winery, Inc. will sell the cheap sugary wine at eighteen percent alcohol to retailers. They indicate that the projected audience is the perpetually intoxicated and further indicated that it is against the law to sell alcoholic beverages to the intoxicated but state it is not their problem and cannot control what the retailer chooses to do (Mann & Roberts). Mammon Winery, Inc. knowingly sold their product to a target audience of â€Å"winos† and chose to take advantage of the consumer by offering a much more affordable, cheap wine. This can be easily compared to the tobacco companies choosing a target demographic of individuals of non-smoking age by making their product appealing (Mann & Roberts). For instance, both companies are holding back valuable information from the customer. Both products by both companies are addictive and can cause serious health issue, but still these companies greatly affect the target audience one way or another. This is because it pays or at least promises to pay (Sullivan 2001). A company may gain something, or may keep from losing something by selling to their target audience or unethically holding back information that may turn away consumers. However, the profit motive holds in both cases. It is noted by Mammon Winery, Inc. that profit margins would be at least ten percent higher on the lower-end product then their other lines (Mann & Roberts). Therefore, the company’s urge to branch out in the wine industry by offering a new product is nothing beyond regular business practices.   However, their intentional marketing of the product to those suffering from alcoholism or the homeless is an underhanded technique.   They run into an ethical conflict as they must now combat their marketing techniques with significant contributions to charities. These charities though, must also be chosen for a reason.   Just as the tobacco industry chooses specific charities for good-will projects, so too will Mammon Winery, Inc.   Mammon Winery, Inc. will also have to construct both a label and bottle that will effectively promote their new line.   However, the targeted audience should not be able to be determined based upon its looks.   The price will be adjusted for the targeted consumer, but beyond that, it should not be obvious in its aim.   Therefore, the expansion of Mammon Winery Inc. is within reasonable business practices but will have to carefully combat its stated aim at a particular consumer with clever charitable contributions. Works Cited Mann, Richard A. and Roberts, Barry S. â€Å"Mammon Winery, Inc.† Sullivan, Evelin. The Concise Book of Lying. 2001   

Compare and Contrast Beka Lamb and Miguel Street Essay

Most writers of the Caribbean have been preoccupied by particular themes and have adhered to mutual tracks, while often contrasted in approach and writing. The possibility or impossibility of the account of one’s story, when the very concept of the individual has been crushed by slavery and colonisation, the circumstances of advent of a new Caribbean identity, the analysis of the past, writing in exile and lastly, landscape and nature: where the environment or surrounding tells the story, is an essential basis of examination of oneself and one’s community. Writers have also frequently concentrated on former oral and social customs, so as to examine carefully the fragment they assimilate in the advancement of modern-day society and consciousness. In both Miguel Street and Beka Lamb the impact of colonisation that influenced the major themes such as the issue of identity, exile and migration, and women, will be epitomised by comparing and contrasting. Beka Lamb was issued in 1982, the year subsequent to independence, but it portrays to the reader somewhat of the late 1970s, right between the political melee that conflicted the British Crown and Guatemala, a country whose territorial prerogatives on British Honduras had been extensively deliberated on the Belizean community. The social jeopardy that Edgell produces consist of the indigenous peril that Creoles, harbour, from the increasing Hispanic populace and the socioeconomic hindrances that Creoles experience as they endeavour to ascend from inferior to intermediate status–all in the wider perspective of Belize upgrading from just a society to an independent state. Zee Edgell gives the impression of hope, that, through suitable discipline, Creoles can equally redeem their rank in the Belizean indigenous hierarchy and also journey from lowly to more proficient professions–and without negotiating too much of their affluent ethnic heritage. During the course of the novel Belize is publicised as a country still vacillating between its embryonic national consciousness and a post-colonial viewpoint, a country wedged amid contrasting but pre-determined visions of itself. It is in this socio-political milieu that the story of Beka is established. The contending allegiances at play in the country, exasperating one’s search for identity, are echoed in the central character of the novel. From the article entitled, â€Å"The Wake in Caribbean Literature: a Celebration of Self-knowledge and Community† says, One of the best examples in Caribbean fiction of the dialectic relationship between the individual and society, between the child and its community is reverberated through the protagonist of the novel. Politics and community life are much more in the novel than a mere backdrop for an individual life-story. They are the inner landscape of every individual, of every child in Belize society, and Beka’s quest for a viable identity, for a consistent self-image, reflects a collective undertaking (Misrahi-Barak, Judith). In the introduction of â€Å"Caribbean Women Writers†, it says, The figure of the grandmother is an obvious emblem of the continuing influence of the past as pervasive in Caribbean women’s fiction, often like Velma Pollard’s ‘Gran’ who is a master baker, recollected in terms of a practical skill: Ma Chess in Jamaica Kincaid’s Annie John is a healer †¦ Granny Ivy in Zee Edgell’s Beka Lamb or the grandmother in Dionne Brands’s short story ‘Photograph’, or an association with its rural beauty, like Ma in Merle Hodge’s Crick Crack Monkey or the grandmother in Marlene Nourbese Philip’s Harriet’s Daughter (Conde, Mary). Miguel Street is Naipaul’s semi-nonfictional description of his juvenile home, Trinidad. Miguel Street is actually a â€Å"sneak-peek† account of the innate farcicality that immensely embodies the lives of Trinidadians (a microcosm of Trinidad) or to an extent the West Indies. The arrangement of the book is layered and proposes that Naipaul could have been motivated from the people he had met during his childhood in Trinidad. It took place in the course of World War II and recounted by an anonymous–but articulately observant–neighborhood boy who narrates the innumerable lives of idiosyncratic occupants of his neighbourhood in a cleverly yet innocent way. His tone is both disconnected and acutely vigilant at the same time. There is no impression of plot until the very latter chapters, after the plot speaks about the narrator himself and his rapport with few other main characters. The novel can also be perceived a collection of short stories, as each chapter takes place over years and deals with one character at a time; but even if every chapter are unquestionably devoted for a sole character, the close interweaving of destiny of the dissimilar characters and the Street itself obscures the incoherence and concentrates on the appetizing feel of a novel. In Edgell’s novel the two main characters of which are Toycie and Beka, have both been forewarned about getting pregnant before graduation. Pregnancy out of marriage occurs regularly among teenage girls in Belize. Females are allowed to attend school nevertheless, not only the rate of education is too costly for most families, but once girls start to go school, they encounter rules that are different to the rules for the boys. In the middle of Toycie’s final year she becomes pregnant. She is banished and not permitted to come back because the school believes, â€Å"In cases like this, we believe it is entirely up to the modesty of the girl to prevent these happenings† (Edgell 119). The father of Toycie’s child, Emilio, has no consequence to face. Unlike Toycie, he is not banished from school. He will be able to get the education his affluent family pays for, and when he graduates and employment that will grant him the freedom that Toycie had awaited. The money for Toycie education was wasted that her aunt had so struggled for. Toycie will go down the same path of the women formerly to her, like her aunt, Miss Eila, whom Beka’s father said, â€Å"is a simple woman, like many of our women, in certain matters,† (Edgell 120). Miss Eila lacks the funds to supply sufficiently for herself and her family. Toycie will upbring a child and contend every day to somehow make a living. Early pregnancy causes the limited roles available to women. It produces a social rotation that girls like Beka must apprehend to swim against. The preponderance of the characters in Beka Lamb are female and the story is communicated from a woman’s outlook, which is the total opposite to Miguel Street where most of the characters are male and few were women, most of whom remained nameless as well as the story is narrated by a male. Beka’s mother remains home with the family. Beka and Toycie attend an all-girls Catholic school where they are educated by nuns. The absence of male characters is bold enough to know that the blunder was deliberate. The story demonstrates the veracity of the Belize culture. Male characters work or become learned while the women sustain the homes and make what salary they can. In the novel, the scarce male characters have at least one fault that turns the reader away. Emilio gets Toycie pregnant, and after refuses to marry her. Bill is unsuccessful in showing consistent love to his family; he frequently seems unconcerned or too busy. In â€Å"Voices from the Gaps† says The women who surround Beka influence her thinking and judgments. Interestingly, the women are politically well-informed. One would not expect the â€Å"simple† women to have interest in politics. While Beka respects her father, she does so partially out of fear and partially because she is supposed to. Beka’s respect for Granny is different. Granny knows more about life and about Belize than either Beka or her father. Beka’s ability to recognize this demonstrates not only Beka’s maturity, but also her curiosity about and reverence toward the Belize culture. Horan, Kaite). Both Miguel Street and Beka Lamb have an issue with women. In Beka Lamb the women go through a harsher punishment than the men, though they are dominant in the novel they are persecuted; under a prison-like structure although slavery days have long gone. Whereas, in Miguel Street, they marginalise the women and treat them as objects. There are f ew female characters which some don’t even have a name i. e â€Å"George’s wife was never a proper person. I always thought of her just as George’s wife and that was all† (Naipaul V. S. 27). Also implying that women really did not have an identity or could not have existed without men, who were always in the forefront and women remained in the background. In the commencement of the novel, Beka is perplexed about her identity and appears to be a very unappreciative child. Her background is of a middle class, Creole family, but does not show gratefulness for her decent life because she does not pass first form. She flat irons her hair and has to live two opposite lives: one at the school compound and another separate from school in her Belizean community. At school she has to upkeep the qualities of the Virgin Mary and is compulsorily to be completely dissimilar from the persons in her life. When not in school, Beka is challenged with the behaviours of her Belizean Creole people which creates a war in the manner she should behave internally. Beka’s life soon changes with Toycie’s pregnancy. Before Toycie became pregnant, Beka had subsisted a safe, expectable life. She had quarrels with her family and she had chores, but Beka had not experienced life. Toycie’s situation pushed Beka to face organisation, separation, and demise. Beka goes back to school after Toycie’s removal and wins an essay contest. The self-doubts Beka confronted her whole life starts to withdraw. The platform Toycie once hoisted upon is now vacant. Beka has not substituted Toycie, but has begun to change her perception of what’s on that platform. In â€Å"The quarrel with history† it mentions what one should be careful of, similar to Beka’s situation, We can be victims of History when we submit passively to it – never managing to escape its harrowing power. History (like literature) is capable of quarrying deep within us, as a consciousness or the emergence of a consciousness, as a neurosis (symptom of loss) and a contraction of the self (Baugh, Edward). The seventeen chapters of Miguel Street are often referred to separately as short stories, but read as a novel they create a Bildungsroman (as well as in Beak Lamb)—in the European practice, a novel of edification or development—that traces its protagonist’s progress toward manhood, climaxing in the protagonist discovering his place in the world. Also the apparent template sublimely suggested of what a man should be in nearly most of the chapters of Miguel Street. Naipaul arrogates this European custom to comment upon the advent of Trinidad as an independent nation. â€Å"Bogart,† the first story, ends with what could be called Miguel Street’s ‘thesis’: after forsaking two women, one of whom has borne him a child; becoming a drunkard â€Å"They had never seen Bogart drink so much† (Naipaul, V. S. 13); Bogart finally returns to Miguel Street â€Å"‘To be a man, among we men’† (Naipaul, V. S. 16). It is understood, in the opening of chapter three that Popo is a carpenter who does not really create anything that could be categorized as furniture or architecture except the â€Å"little galvanised-iron workshop below the mango tree behind his yard† (Naipaul, V. S. 17). The men of the street mock him for not only the fact that he is an imitation carpenter but also, his wife is out performing all of the work whereas he sits at home constructing things with no name and drinking rum. In fact, Hat parallels him to a â€Å"man-woman. Not a proper man (Naipaul, V. S. 19). However, a little further down in the chapter Popo’s wife leaves him for another man and on one occasion he grows irritated enough to get the urge to â€Å"beat up everybody† and remain drunk all the time, and then the men decided to accept Popo as a man after all and acknowledged him as a â€Å"member of the gang† (Naipaul, V. S. 21). Hat says â€Å"We was wrong about Popo. He is a man like any of we† (Naipaul, V. S. 21). It becomes distinct that to almost all of the men, exhibiting hostility, being tangibly violent and masking oneself in drunken sorrows is what sanctions one as a man. It appears that they are not very fond of neither the â€Å"sensitive type† nor the â€Å"poetic type. † After looking at Popo and his circumstances, it becomes distinct to that narrator that to be accepted as a real man, it is imperative to demand one’s respect, even at the cost of others. The deification that Popo receives when he takes his wife back from the new man, is training the narrator that men similar to Bogart or ‘takers’ such as men in the situation of Popo get all the admiration while the characters such as B. Wordsworth are not given the same respect and involuntary hide-off; absent from the other men similar to B.  Wordsworth did before his passing. Hat was the main father figure of the entire novel who was mentioned in almost in every chapter. He had gone to jail (Naipaul, V. S. 207), He was always getting himself into trouble with the police. â€Å"A little cockfighting here, some gambling there, a little drinking somewhere else and so on† (Naipaul, V. S. 204) were all considered factors to be a ‘man among men’. Later in both novels we can see where both Beka and the unnamed narrator finds their identity. Beka Lamb turns into a self-created, self-governing young lady by the conclusion of the novel. Her identity and, by insinuation, the identity of the New Belize — is composite and subtly drawn. On the social level, one is enthralled by Beka’s seeming lack of friends on Cashew Street and at school, succeeding Toycie’s death. Replacing Toycie, Beka makes friends only with a Mayan girl, Thomasita Ek, who is also an foreigner at St. Cecilia’s Academy. On a national scale, that friendship lacks much real importance, since the Mayas lean towards being so traditionally and geographically isolated from urban tradition that no spot-on, long-lasting ethnic conflict has thereby been associated. Beka at the end of the novel gives the impression being composed to become a â€Å"nun† in the service of her homeland. Her essay, after all, dealt with the history of Belize. She composed it for the period of National Day. The day the petitioners were incarcerated, was the day she had won the prize. It was always her dream to be a politician, and at the politics-laden St. George’s Caye, she practiced to become such. Then it can be observed where the narrator in Miguel Street also grows up and finds his identity. He is no longer astonished by Popo who keeps building this thing without a name. He does not look up to Hat after he goes to jail. The narrator leaves Miguel Street as a ceremony of growing up. â€Å"You must get over this†, I said to my mother, â€Å"Is not my fault really. Is just Tr inidad. What else anybody can do here except drink? † (Naipaul, V. S. 216). He comes to reality and begins to ponder of what he wants to become in the future. He decides on becoming an Engineer and sticks with it regardless that his mother wants him to pursue law.

Analyzing Dr. Martin Luther King And Malcolm X Vision For Equality And Freedom From Racism In The 1950s And 70s

Analyzing Dr. Martin Luther King And Malcolm X Vision For Equality And Freedom From Racism In The 1950s And 70s Malcolm X and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr both had a vision of equality and freedom from oppression for the African-Americans during the 1950s to 1970s. Although sharing a vision, they differed in background, religion, and opinions whether racial inequality should be approached with active and immediate change making (Haley Malcolm X, 2001) or with passive change making and peace. King and Malcolm X grew up in disparate backgrounds. Malcolm X (originally Malcolm little) was born in Omaha, Nebraska on May 19 1925. He grew up with 7 siblings and a father (Earl Little) who was a Baptist minister and took part in civil rights activism (Haley Malcolm X). His father was under constant death threats from his activist movements and therefore his family was regularly moving until his house in Michigan was burnt down and his father killed by white supremacists (Haley Malcolm X, 2001). As a result, his mother was sent to a mental institution when suffering an emotional breakdown (Haley Malcolm X, 2001). Malcolm and his siblings were split among various orphanages and foster homes (Haley Malcolm X, 2001). At his age of 20, 1946, Malcolm was sentenced 10 years in prison for burglary but was released after 7 years on parole for good behavior (Haley Malcolm X, 2001). While he was in prison, he developed a curiosity for teachings of Nations of Islam (NOI) leader Elijah M uhammad. By 1952 Malcolm was a devoted Muslim with a new surname ‘X’ as he considered ‘Little’ as a slave name (Haley Malcolm X, 2001). Later, owing to his outstanding leadership characters, he was appointed as a minister and national spokesman for the NOI (Haley Malcolm X, 2001). He manipulated the media well to spread the teaching of the NOI, increased the NOI’s membership from 500 to 30000 in 11 years and found the Muslim Mosque, Inc. (Haley Malcolm X, 2001). Martin Luther King Jr was born on January 15 1929, Atlanta Georgia. He grew up in a stable family with his 2 siblings and his father also a Baptist minister who protested against segregation. Although suffering depression during his teenage years and made a suicide attempt, he received a substantial high school education and graduated college with a B.A degree in sociology, later received a Bachelor of Divinity and a Ph.D. degree on 1955. He decided to serve as a Baptist minister as he had an â€Å"inner urge to serve the humanity† (Wikipedia, Martin Luther King Jr) King and Malcolm X differed in the context of their teaching. King encouraged his followers to follow a non-violent approach towards equality and show love and understanding for their enemies which was to result in a racially harmonized and a peaceful society (i.e. the ‘Brotherhood’). On the contrary, Malcolm X had ideas of non-violent approach being a deception to keep black people under oppression and being defenseless. He believed in a society of black supremacy and separatism. King and Malcolm X had contrasted in the methods of approach towards equality. King organized several boycotts and demonstrations with the emphasis on peace and non-violence as he believed that violence is self-defeating and also said, quoting the Bible: 2) â€Å"those who live by the sword will perish by the sword† in the Montgomery Bus Boycott interview. For example: ‘Montgomery Bus Boycott’, and ‘Freedom Rides’ were protests where, under King’s lead, violence and retaliation were in absence. In contrast, Malcolm X urged his followers to defend themselves against aggression â€Å"by any means necessary†. Malcolm X also said (during an interview at the University of California, Berkeley) 3) â€Å"send the guerrillas to Mississippi† so that the black victims of violence can have armed protection. King and Malcolm X had differed in their attitudes towards the white people who oppressed them as they differed in religion and thought. King (based on his Christian faith and Mahatma Gandhi’s non-violent resistance) had an attitude of forgiveness, brotherhood and 1) â€Å"turning the other cheek† (bio, Martin Luther King Jr. Biography, 2016) (i.e. not resisting or revenging your enemies but letting them do what they do). Hence King had an attitude of love, forgiveness and acceptance towards those who oppressed the black people. On the other hand, Malcolm X (as he was taught by an Islam leader, Elijah Muhammad) saw the white men as the evils that, his God, ‘Allah’ would later destroy and punish. Hence, he saw the black people as superior and people who need to be separated from the white people. Therefore he had a bitter attitude towards any white people as he believed in black supremacy and as he said: â€Å"he’s (white man) only brotherly when he wants to exploit you, exploit, oppress.† (YouTube, MALCOLM X INTERVIEW AT UC BERKELEY) King and Malcolm X took part in movement groups with opposing ideas. King was a member of ‘The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee’ (SNCC), ‘Southern Christian Leadership Conference’ (SCLC) and ‘National Association for the Advancement of the Colored People’ (NAACP). These organizations were non-violent, peaceful groups that mostly organized peaceful marches. In contrast, Malcolm X was a part of the ‘Nation of Islam’ (NOI) until he left in 1964 with intentions to create Black Nationalist party. Although he didn’t take part, he supported the idea of ‘Black Power’ movement for its idea of retaliation for self-defense. King and Malcolm X had a similarity in their goals of ending oppression for the black people. Malcolm X, as it says in his autobiography: â€Å"My ultimate goal is to bring about freedom, equality, and justice for black people in USA, complete respect and recognition as human beings.†(Haley Malcolm X 2001) Therefore Malcolm X wants justice and equality. King, as he said in his I have a dream speech: â€Å"I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal. I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood.† Hence he calls for equality. He also said: â€Å"I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice.† (American Rhetoric, Martin Luther King Jr. I have a Dream) Here he calls for freedom and justice. Therefore, both Malcolm X and King had a vision of justice, freedom and equality for the oppressed black people in the USA. Malcolm X and King, although very different, both worked towards civil equality based on the teachings they had interest in and which they studied thoroughly and taught their beliefs on how equality was to be achieved through media and public speeches . Malcolm X was inspired by the NOI leader, Elijah Muhammad’s mentoring of white people being the evils of the world as the white society aspired to keep black people from achieving political, social and economic success (Haley Malcolm X, 2001). This set him on a mindset of retaliation, achieving equality â€Å"by any means necessary† (Haley Malcolm X, 2001) and a sense of black superiority. King studied Mohandas Gandhi’s resistance method of non-violence and non-retaliation (i.e. Gandhian technique) which was successful during the British oppression in India from 1800s. Also as a minister, King took in the Christian concept of non-retaliation (i.e. 1) â€Å"turning the other cheek†) (English-Korean study B ible Matthew 5.39). The Gandhian technique and his Christian belief gave King the confidence in power of love for the enemy, and the attitude of 1) â€Å"turning the other cheek† In conclusion, as Malcolm X and King both wanted equality for the oppressed African-Americans, they approached their vision in contrasting methods and beliefs. It was obvious that they differed in opinion as they experienced opposing childhoods, backgrounds, studies and religion. But they both aspired to achieve a free, justified and equal society for everyone in America by spreading their ideas using media and speeches. Addendum By â€Å"turning the other cheek† in page 3 and 4, it means that when someone slaps you in your cheek let them slap the other side by turning the other cheek. This was from one of the teachings from Jesus Christ. He figuratively meant that when someone attacks you or harm you, don’t retaliate but rather let them do what they do because retaliation would only bring even more violence and harm, create enemies, and also because revenge is up to God (Do not take revenge, my dear friends, but leave room for Gods wrath, for it is written: It is mine to avenge; I will repay, says the Lord. Romans 12:19) On page 2 and 3, the phrase â€Å"Those who live by the sword will perish by the sword† is a verse from Jeremiah 44:12. This verse summarizes up King’s attitude towards achieving equality as the verse means that those who work their way with injustice, violence or any other deceiving methods will come to a downfall from the same method. Hence King believed that should civil equality be achieved by violence and retaliation the equality would soon be disturbed by violence and retaliation. â€Å"Send the guerrillas to Mississippi† on page 3 was a statement made by Malcolm X. By guerrillas he probably meant the armed civilian Black Power workers. He said this as he was aware of the brutality that African-Americans were receiving in Mississippi, a Southern state in the US, and as he wanted to stop the brutality.

Civil Rights Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Civil Rights Act - Essay Example Reconstruction, also known as Radical Reconstruction, was the period after the American Civil War. During this time, the South was in political, social, and economic turmoil and eleven Confederate states had already seceded from the Union during the wartime unrest. In response, the Union attempted to regain order in the Confederate states during the Reconstruction era. The ex-slave states were divided into 5 military districts by the Reconstruction Act of 1867 and an assistant commissioner was appointed to each district. (McElrath 2008 Afroamhistory.about.com) After the Civil War, Congress established a Bureau for the refugees,Freedmen and Abandoned Lands, known as the Freedmen's Bureau. We find in McElrath's article that it provided with food, medical care, helped with resettlement, and very noble it established schools. Due to inadequate funds, corruption and inefficiency it closed in 1870.While the Freedmen’s Bureau worked to help Southern blacks, opposition to their new fr eedom was mounting. In 1865, several Southern states passed legislation creating black codes. Depending upon the state, these laws generally restricted blacks’ right to own property, controlled where they were allowed to live, established a curfew, and forced blacks to work as agricultural laborers or as domestics. The Black Codes were quickly eliminated with the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1866. The Act gave blacks the rights and privileges of full citizenship. (McElrath Afroamhistory.about.com 2008). ... agricultural laborers or as domestics. The Black Codes were quickly eliminated with the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1866. The Act gave blacks the rights and privileges of full citizenship. (McElrath Afroamhistory.about.com 2008). The Reconstruction Act of 1867 eliminated white controlled Governments. President Johnson, successor of Lincoln had reneged his promise to implement Lincoln's Reconstruction plan so that States could revise legislatures and implement less severe codes instead of eliminating all the black codes. With the Reconstruction Act, blacks were given the the freedom to participate in the political process. Black became ordinary 10489 4 to kill and torture the black. Affter the Reconstruction ended all changed at constitutional conventions, helped to write laws and became state legislators. In June 1866, Congress proposed the 14th Amendment to the U. S. Constitution. It provided blacks with citizenship and guaranteed that federal and state laws applied equally to blacks and whites. With the passage of the Amendment, Congress also provided that Southern states could not be readmitted to the Union until it ratified the 14th Amendment. All of the states, except Tennessee, refused to do so. By 1870, however, the remaining 10 states ratified the 14th Amendment. (McElrath Afroamhistory.about.com 2008). In 1870, African Americans were given the right to vote through the 15th Amendment. According to this amendment, the right to vote applied to citizens regardless of race or color. Despite this right, some Southern states added grandfather clauses to their state Constitutions in an effort to counter this new right. Typical clauses stated that the right to vote extended only to citizens or

The early life and reign of Julius Caesar Essay

The early life and reign of Julius Caesar - Essay Example Julius Caesars' early life and the beginning of his reign as leader of Rome was a very long, yet fulfilling journey. Where Julius Caesar was born and his upbringing influenced him greatly to become the leader of Rome. His accomplishments in his early reign were of extreme importance.Caesar was born in Rome into a well-known patrician family (gens Julia), which supposedly traced its ancestry to Julus, the son of the Trojan prince Aeneas (who according to myth was the son of Venus). A well-documented legend that exists is that, Caesar was born by Caesarian section and is therefore named that way, though it is considered improbable because at that time, it was only performed on dead women, and Julius Caesar's mother lived long after he was born. This legend is more likely a more recent creation, as the origin of the Caesarian section is in the Latin word for to cut, caedo, -ere, caesus sum.Caesar was raised in a modest apartment building (insula) in the Subura, a lower-class neighborhoo d of Rome. His family was not rich and by the then prevalent nobility at that time, there was not any wealthy or prominent family member in his family. However, they were socially distinguished since its members were patrician, and claimed descent from Venus and Aeneas. They had influential political connections and these were useful connections for his political aspirations. Caesar's aunt was married to the popular leader Marius, and he himself married Cornelia, the daughter of Cinna (a follower of Marius), refusing to divorce her when ordered to by the dictator Sulla. He was deeply in love with his wife and mourned her long and hard when Cornelia died in 69 BC. After that, he married for political gains though his choice of wife, Sulla's granddaughter Pompeia, who was also the daughter of Quintas Pompey, surprised quite a few in 67 BC. When Sulla died, Caesar began his political career in the Forum at Rome as an advocate, and his reputation as an orator grew in leaps and bounds. He was also known for his ruthless prosecution of former governors notorious for extortion and corruption. The great orator Cicero even commented, "Does anyone have the ability to speak better than Caesar" He had built solid relationships with Rome's great general and this was a point in his favor. He leaned more towards the populares side rather than the conservatives. The rivalry between Pompey and Caesar's benefactor, Crassus, seemed to have little effect on Caesar. Crassus continued to support Caesar's enormous debts over the next few years. Massive bribery with money borrowed from the rich and influential ex-consul Crassus also procured for him the politically important office of Pontifex Maximus in 63 BC. His personal life had a setback with the ending of his marriage. In 62 BC, Clodius, a Roman politician and Caesar's second wife, Pompeia, were involved in a scandal that took place at a religious festival at his house, concerning the violation of the secret rites of Bona Dea, and Caesar obtained a divorce, saying, "Caesar's wife must be above suspicion." Having served in Farther Spain as proconsul in 61 BC, he returned to Rome in 60 BC, ambitious for the consulate. He organized a coalition, known as the First Triumvirate, against a very strong opposing group, and was made up of made up of Pompey, commander in chief of the army; Crassus, who was powerful being the wealthiest man in Rome and Caesar himself. Pompey and Crassus had a strained relationship going but Caesar cleverly manipulated them to keep the arrangement in operation. Back in Rome in 60, he used force to pass legislation and took up the governorship of Gaul. He married Calpurnia, whose father Piso was made consul, and Pompey married Julia, daughter of Caesar and Cornelia. Caesar continued in Gaul, for eight long years and annexed the whole of modern France and Belgium to the Roman Empire, and making Rome safe from the possibility of Gallic invasions. Pompey and Crauss were constantly at each other's throat and Caesar kept

Comparison of Japans Meiji Period with Chinas Great Leap Forward Essay

Comparison of Japans Meiji Period with Chinas Great Leap Forward - Essay Example One of the main reasons why the Meiji Period is considered a success while the Great Leap Forward a failure is due to the length of time each was given to succeed. The Meiji Period occurred over a longer period of time, and so was more likely to succeed. Emperor Meiji decided that Japan needed to establish itself as one of the world’s leading nations both economically and militarily. To fuel this growth, democracy was promoted as a key component of change in Japan. The old feudal lords had their powers decreased to the point where all Japanese citizens were treated equally. Conversely, China’s Great Leap Forward was abandoned after only a few short years because the goals and objectives set forth by Mao were completely unrealistic. He too realized that China needed to catch up to the Western powers, but he did so in a completely different way than Emperor Meiji. Unlike Japan, which had embraced democracy, China was deeply rooted in communist principles. Mao decided that two improvements would significantly boost the Chinese economy: industry and agriculture. He was correct in saying that these are key areas that need to form the backbone of any economy. Where he got it wrong was setting unrealistic goals and targets for the people to reach. Additionally, families were housed in communes and had no control over their own state of affairs. The result of this was that many people starved to death due to a lack of food. Even though both the Meiji Period and Great Leap Forward set out with the same purpose, the reason why one succeeded and one failed is how they went about it. Japan decided to study Western ways of learning; the Japanese education system was Western-based and education became compulsory for every Japanese child.

She's One of a Kind Boutique Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

She's One of a Kind Boutique - Term Paper Example The boutique offers a wide variety of clothing items for women. The clothing items retailed at the business are designed by a team of experts associated with the organization and they are manufactured by a contracted manufacturing organization. The boutique also features clothing items by other designers as well who work in collaboration with the boutique. The competitive advantage of the business is the innovation in the production of the clothing items. The expert designers hired by the organization are encouraged to produce innovative designs and such designs are critically assessed. Only after the appropriate approvals, such designs are moved to the next level that is manufacturing. The main reason behind the established position of the business in the market is its competitive advantage. The competitors of the organization are unable to move the organization from its market share due to competitive advantage of the organization. Another factor that may be the reason behind the s mooth operations of the organization is the efficient use of technology. The business makes extensive use of technology throughout its operations. The information related to the business is centralized on a cloud computing system and the authorized personnel have access to the information. The marketing strategy of the organization includes; offering discounts to the customers, offering value cards and other promotional activities. In order to ensure that the organization retains its market share amidst the competition projected by other organizations operating in the market, the organizations implements upon its marketing strategy at a regular basis. The organization offers value cards to its customers which can be used by the customers to avail discounts. The more a customer shops, the more value points are added to the account of the customer and when a customer reaches a certain level, the customer becomes eligible to avail discounts. Promotional activities include distribution of flyers at shopping places and placement of banners. Initial financing of the organization was done partially through the investment done by the owners of the organization and partially through the debt acquired by the bank through a long term loan. The funds were utilized to acquire office and store space, to acquire the necessary computer and other office equipment, and to carry out initial advertisement of the business. The start-up personnel of the organization were; core management for each department and subordinate staff. The organization hired limited staff in order to start the business and once the business started to grow, more staff was hired on the basis of the requisitions filed by the core management. The hiring is done through an extensive process and it is ensured that only the eligible personnel are hired by the organization. Section 2: Code of Conduct The organization gives significant importance to the compliance with market standards. It is believed by the cor e management that compliance with standards is more than the responsibility of the organization but it is the way the business should be conducted. The organization also promotes ethical conduct of the staff and core management in

An Overview of the Auditing Process, The Risk-Based Audit Approach Essay

An Overview of the Auditing Process, The Risk-Based Audit Approach with in an AIS (Accounting Information System) - Essay Example This paper not only outlines the basis for risk based approach to auditing but also its implications for carrying out audit work in the context of accounting information systems is discussed here below. Businesses typically identify the risks which are facing their operations and auditors can base their evidence collection and validation of information process on the assessment of risks by businesses. Internal audit function of a business needs to ascertain the overall audit risk which refers to the likelihood of financial statements being misstated. The audit risk is a combination of three types of risks which are namely inherent risk, control risk and detection risk. Inherent risk implies the threat of material error or omission pertaining to an account or a class of transactions. Control risk covers the inability of the internal controls to detect and prevent material errors. Detection risk is the failure of audit procedures to unveil any material error, misstatement or even fraud in reporting. Both inherent and control risks determine the extent of detection risk. It is suggested that the higher the control risk is the lower is detection risk set by the auditors which may requi re greater substantive testing by them (Romney & Steinbart, 2005). The risk based approach allows assessing the weaknesses in the accounting information systems and controls over such systems for determining the nature, extent, scope and timing of audit procedures. This allows auditors to assess the threats and opportunities in order to deliver better opinion on the information processed by their clients. The audit procedures not only restrict to the information manually prepared by different businesses but also extend to the accounting informational systems which are maintained by companies for data recording and reporting (Romney & Steinbart, 2005). The

Definition of Common Law Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Definition of Common Law - Term Paper Example The name "common law" is also used to refer to the conventional and long established, precedent-based element in the law of any common-law jurisdiction, as disparate to its statutory law or legislation. As well it the term common law is also used to signify that part of the legal system that did not develop out of equity, maritime law, or other special branches of practice. (Eldon) In addition to England, common law is practiced in all of Canada except Quebec and all of the United States except Louisiana. All of these areas follow common law and U.S. state statutes usually provide that the common law, equity, and statutes in effect in England in 1603, the first year of the reign of James I, shall be deemed part of the law of the jurisdiction. (Homes) Decisions of the English courts that were made later only have persuasive authority. There are particular characteristics and features of common law that distinguish it from other types of law. The one feature that distinguishes common law is the fact that it represents the law of the courts as expressed in judicial decisions. "The grounds for deciding cases are found in precedents provided by past decisions, as contrasted to the civil law system, which is based on statutes and prescribed texts." (Holmes) In addition, the system of judicial precedents, other characteristics of common law include trial by jury and the doctrine of the supremacy of the law. In the beginning, the supremacy of the law meant that not even the king was above the law; however today it can be translated as meaning that acts of governmental agencies are subject to scrutiny in ordinary legal proceedings. Judicial precedents gain their force from the doctrine of stare decisis [Lat., =stand by the decided matter], i.e., that the previous decisions of the highest court in the jurisdiction are binding on all other courts in the jurisdiction. (Holmes) However, in the when conditions change they make most decisions inapplicable except as a basis for an analogy, and a court must consequently frequently look to the judicial experience of the rest of the English-speaking world. "This gives the system flexibility, while general acceptance of certain authoritative materials provides a degree of stability." (Eldon) On the other hand in many occurrences, the courts have failed to keep speed with social developments. As a result of this, it has become necessary to enact statutes to bring about needed changes. Without a doubt in recent years statutes have superseded a great deal of common law. This is especially true in the fields of commercial, administrative, and criminal law. Characteristically, however, in statutory interpretation, the courts have recourse to the doctrines of common law. (Eldon) In consequence increased legislation has limited but has not ended judicial supremacy. Â  

International relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

International relations - Essay Example These agreements terminated the first crisis and it was covered by both international and United States based media footages including New Yorks Times, the NBC, and CBS among other United States based media institutions as well as the non US based media institutions including the BBC, the Hindustan Times (India), the East African Standard, and the Peoples Daily (China) among others. However, later, the North Korea resumed its nuclear program that was only to be discovered by the United States thereby leading to the second North Korea Nuclear crisis that all these media institutions also highlighted with a lot of concern. Nuclear weapons activities are matters of gravity of international concerns (Levs 01). Therefore, different media are trying to unearth all the activities and programs in different parts of the world especially in North Korea. Both the United states based media and non united states based media are equally concerned with the nuclear activities taking place in North Korea and other parts of the world including Iranian nuclear ambitions. According to the the Peoples Daily (China), the Iran government holds that its nuclear programs have no ill intentions, but are in place for the benefits of its civilians. Regardless of almost equal concern, the United States media groups including the New York Times the NBC, and CBS among others have often reported every inch of nuclear activities in North Korea and Iran will equal concerns (NBC News Staff and Wire Reports 01). It should be noted that the New York times and BBC are almost the first media groups that report all nuclear developments in North Korea. For instance, the New York Times reported that the North Korea has successfully tested â€Å"†¦ new higher level †¦ explosive power and technology of its control (Sang-Hun 01).† It is a fact that all the world superpowers are concerned with the nuclear activities in North Korea since its clear target is not yet established. According to

Over Representation of African American Students in the Special Education System. Essay Example for Free

Over Representation of African American Students in the Special Education System. Essay Introduction My current school has special education roster of 32 students in self contain with over 90% of the students being African-American. This paper will address the large number African-American students in the special education system. Attention will be focus on the social economic roles that play a part in placement. When done properly and in appropriate perspective, special education is beneficial for students with a real disability, but special education services are inappropriate when a student receives it when it is not needed. African-American students are being placed in the special education system at an alarming rate. They are being labeled with disabilities at ages as early as five years old, because they progress slower than the rest of the class, bias in assessment instrument, discrimination in society reflected in the school or they may present some behavior issue. Special education is appropriate placement for students with real disabilities, but minority blacks are being disproportionately place in special education. This unjust placement at early ages are causing these children to be stereotyped as slow learners causing low self esteem and low achievement rate during and after school. This is a major problem when addressing special education for African Americans. Many attempts have been made to solve the issues but there have been no satisfactory results. Theoretical Framework The disproportionate representation of African-Americans students in the special education system is well documented. This misrepresentation has been problematic since the inception of the special education program. This paper will probe the reasons many of these students have been categorized with various type of learning disabilities or emotional disturbances. These labels given to students have proven to be life altering to students given incorrect placement. Lawsuits have been filed charging that placements of high numbers of African American, especially male, in special education classes has been a tool for resisting court ordered desegregation (Harry and Anderson, 1992). In many instances there is a lack of or unwillingness to properly place African American students because of educators in some systems being culturally diverse. Secondly there is a lot of mistrust between educators and parents. Many parents don’t seek appropriate services or disagree with educational placement because they feel they will be see as ignorant or â€Å"talked down† to by teachers and administrators placing their children in special education. This paper will also discuss the long term effects that hinder students educational progress as well as there adult life. Once placed in many special education programs student may not be in line to receive a high school diploma. Many students have difficulties in the community getting jobs because employers feel they will be slower then there counterparts that received a regular education. This then snowballs into the child being placed in a lower social economic bracket because of the type of employment they will have to settle for in adulthood. African-American students are disproportionally placed in the special education system around the country. This misrepresentation is may be due to teacher ineffectiveness. Improving teachers’ capacity to provide culturally responsive instruction to African American students is like to improve student learning ability (Darling-Hammond, 2004). New teachers must meet a vigorous undergraduate program to become certified they continue to graduate enable to effectively teach African American students. Many exit program with a misconception of black students. They think that the African American students are not as smart as other races. The purpose of this study is to prove there is a misrepresentation of African American students in special education. I also plan to illustrate the problem of disproportionate representation of African American students in special education is not just a special education problem issue or concern but, instead, must be viewed in the context as it refers to racism in the whole educational system. I will discuss how racism contributes to and maintains disproportionality in special education by (a) insufficiently funding schools attended primarily by African American and poor children: (b) employing culturally inappropriate and unresponsive curriculum; (c) inadequately preparing educators to effectively teach African American learners and other students of color. I will show that to effectively address the problem of disproportionality, researchers, practitioners and  policymakers must place inequitable educational resource allocation, inappropriate curriculum and pedagogy and inadequate teacher preparation at the center of education research, policy, and practice. Significance of the Study There is much significance for this study. Being a special education teacher I have seen many students come to me because they were a behavioral problem during their elementary years. I believe it is our responsibility to find a solution to this growing problem. First, we as educators, we need to find out if this race of students are get misplaced in the educational system. These students not getting a proper education are causing a negative effect on their entire life. This causes this particular group to have to depend on state aid and weakens the workforce. Secondly, we need to find out if there is a problem with teacher preparedness. If this is a problem we need to figure out what can be done in state colleges and universities to solve these problems. Would adding a more ethically diverse curriculum better prepare teachers to educate African American students? The majority of the teachers coming out of college will be spending there first few years teaching intercity kids, with the majority being African Americans. Finally we need to educate or children to be reliable productive citizens. I feel that these children are not being given an equal shot at being productive if they are being thrown in the special education class in the back of the building. We already know there is a problem, now we need to work together to find a solution that will best benefit the students. Definition of Terms Disproportionate numbers: Having greater representation within a subgroup  compared to the number of students in the population as a whole. Some researchers use plus or minus 10% to determine proportionality (Harry Anderson, 1994). Discrimination The ability to make or perceive distinction; discernment. Partiality, or bias, in the treatment of a person or group, which is unfair, illegal, etc(Loren Orfield, 2002). It is my opinion that African American children are being placed in special Education because of biases unfair grouping. High Achieving: School-wide trajectory of API (if in California) and Annual Yearly Progress (AYP) growth over three years of all subgroups. There must also be a minimum movement of two deciles within 3-5 years. ] Special Education: Services and supports designed to minimize the impact of disability and maximize opportunity to grow and learn (Hehir, 2007). Limitation, Delimitation and Assumptions Limitations of Study The limitations of this study would be to find willing participates, because of the reasons I have discussed earlier parents will be willing to admit that their child was placed in special education because of a lack of knowledge on their part. Another limitation that will affect them outcome of this research is because I am directly employed in the parish that I have chosen to do research. This position will limit the effectiveness of my research because of student privacy and my position in the parish. It is also my opinion that school districts will not want to release information that could possible be used against them. As stated before I think students of color or being illegal classified as students with special needs and placed in special education. These are a few factors that could limit my study. Delimitations of the Study  External validity may be effected based on the number of student/parents being interviewed. Validate may be effected due to other minority races not being included in the study. Also the size and school locations may limit my ability to get adequate data to fully prove my hypothesis. The small sample population was feasible for my research rather then venturing out into larger areas. This is significant in that the findings may not be applicable to other schools. Assumptions of the Study References Artiles, A. J. (2003). Special education’s changing identity: Paradoxes and dilemmas in views of culture and space. Harvard Educational Review, 73, 164-202. Artiles, A. J. , Rueda, R. , Salazar, J. J. , Higareda, I. (2005). Within-group diversity in minority disproportionate representation: English language learners in urban school districts. Exceptional Children, 71, 283-300. Billingsley, B. (2004). Special education teachers’ retention and attrition: A critical analysis of the research literature. Remedial and Special Education, 25, 22-39. Blair, C. , Scott, K. G. (2002). Proportion of LD placements associated with low socio-economic status: Evidence for gradient. Journal of Special Education, 36, 14-22. Blanchett, W. J. , Mumford, V. , Beachum, F. (2005). Urban school failure and disproportionality in a post-Brown era. Remedial and Special Education, 26, 70-81. Chamberlain, S. P. (2005). Issues of overrepresentation and educational equity for culturally and linguistically diverse students. Intervention in School and Clinic, 41, 110-113. Countinho, M. J. , Oswald, D. P. , Best, A. M. (2002). The influence of sociodemographics and gender on the disproportionate identification of minority students as having learning disabilities. Remedial and Special Education, 23, 49-59. Coutinho, M. J. , Oswald, D. P. , Best, A. M. , Forness, S. R. (2002). Gender and sociodemographic factors and the disproportionate identification of culturally and linguistically diverse students with emotional disturbance. Behavioral Disorders, 27, 109-125. Eitle, T. M. (2002). Special education or racial segregation: Understanding variation in the representation of Black students in educable mentally handicapped programs. The Sociological Quarterly, 43(4), 575-605. Elhoweris, H. , Mutua, K. , Alsheikh, N. , Holloway, P.(2005). Effect of children’s ethnicity on teachers’ referral and recommendation decisions in gifted and talented programs. Remedial and Special Education, 26(1), 25-31. Ferri, B. A. , Connor, D. J. (2005). In the shadow of Brown: Special education and overrepresentation of students of color. Remedial and Special Education, 26, 93-100. Hosp, J. L. , Hosp, M. K. (2002). Behavior differences between African American and Caucasian students: Issues for assessment and intervention. Education and Treatment of Children, 24, 336-350. Hosp, J. L. , Reschly, D. J. (2002). Predictors of restrictiveness of placement of African American and Caucasian students. Exceptional Children, 14, 20-34. Hosp, J. L. , Reschly, D. J. (2003). Referral rates for intervention and assessment: A meta-analysis of racial differences. Journal of Special Education, 37, 67-81. Hosp, J. L. , Reschly, D. J. (2004). Disproportionate representation of minority students in special education: Academic, demographic and economic predictors. Exceptional Children, 70, 185-199. Kurlaender, M. , Yun, J. T. (2007). Measuring school racial composition and student outcomes in a multiracial society. American Journal of Education, 113, 213-235. Neal, L. V. , McCray, A. D. , Webb-Johnson, G. , Bridgest, S. T. (2003). The effects of African American movement styles on teachers’ perceptions and reactions. Journal of Special Education, 37, 49-57. O’Connor, C. (2002). Black women beating the odds from one generation to the next: How the changing dynamics of constraint and opportunity affect the process of educational resilience. American Educational Research Journal, 39, 855-903. Park, J. , Turnball, A. P. , Turnball, H. R. , III (2002). Impacts of poverty on quality of life in families of children with disabilities. Exceptional Children, 68, 151-170. Shealey, M. W. , Lue, M. S. , Brooks, M. , McCray, E. (2005). Examining the legacy of Brown: The impact on special education and teacher practice. Remedial and Special Education, 26, 113-121. Skiba, R. J. , Michael, R. S. , Nardo, A. C. , Peterson, R. L. (2002). The color of discipline: Sources of racial and gender disproportionality in school punishment. Urban Review, 34, 317-342. Skiba, R. J. , Poloni-Staudinger, L. , Gallini, S. , Simmons, A.B. , Feggins-Azziz, R. (2006). Disparate access: The disproportionality of African American students with disabilities across educational environments. Exceptional Children, 72, 411-424. Skiba, R. J. , Poloni-Staudinger, L. , Simmons, A. B. , Feggins-Azziz, L. R. , Chung, C. G. (2005). Unproven links: Can poverty explain ethnic disproportionality in special education? Journal of Special Education, 39, 130-144. Zhang, D. , Katsiyannis, A. (2002). Minority representation in special education: A persistent challenge. Remedial and Special Education, 21, 180-187.

Physics of Springboard Diving Essay Example for Free

Physics of Springboard Diving Essay What the hurdle does, is first to allow the diver to use the diving board as a slingshot, and second get as much energy as possible out of the slingshot. This is achieved when the diver takes the first leap into the air with his arms raised. When he comes back down on the board, his own mass falling onto the board will apply a certain force. An additional force is added as the arms swing down at the same time with a greater acceleration, applying more force. At the bottom of the diving boards oscillation, all of the now stored potential energy is released. The diver swings his arms upward and begins to release his pressure on the board. The board pushes the diver up and into the air with a huge force. This force now can be used by the diver not only to go up, but to rotate and therefore perform various dives. The Dives and Application To do a front dive a diver pushes his hips upward just slightly as he leaves the board. After he had begun to go up into the air, he throws his arms downward just enough to make is upper torso rotate around his hips. At the peak of the dive, the diver tightens his stomach muscles and pulls his legs up towards the sky, leaving his body in a perfect upside-down position to enter the water head-first. In order to perform a front dive with a somersault, it requires a full flip of the body and therefore it takes a quicker rotation to cover such an angular distance. The diver takes off from the diving board with the same hip motion and arm swing as for a forward dive, but throws the arms further and makes a smaller ball in the air. As is seen in the laws of rotational motion, the divers moment of inertia becomes smaller, but since momentum must be conserved in the system, the angular speed increases to compensate. It is important to note here that the reverse can be applied in order to stop the divers rotation to keep him from doing a belly-flop on the water. To stop his rotation, the diver increases his moment of inertia by straightening his body, conserving momentum again. When a diver goes to jump off of the board backwards, he begins by swinging his arms down with a deep knee bend. Just as in the hurdle, this presses the board down. When the diver lets the diving board recoil, he does two things at the same time: He swings his arms back up and jumps up. The board assists the diver just as in the hurdle and he has the ability to put this new energy to use. To do a back dive, the diver pushes his hips up as he leaves the board. Once airborne, he leans back and pulls his hips upward even more, generating just enough rotation to go into the water headfirst. To do a back dive with a somersault, the diver pulls his hips upward while leaving the board. As the rotation begins, he swings his arms around and grabs his knees to make himself smaller. Again, just as is accomplished with the front dive with a somersault, the moment of inertia is made smaller and the angular speed increases to make enough spin that is needed to complete the somersault. Reverse Dives You would think that there was a similar technique between performing a back dive and a reverse dive, which is true. A forward hurdle is applied before the dive, but when the diver leaves the board, he pushes his hips upward and leans back enough to create a backwards rotation and enter the water head first. Again, just like the back dive with a somersault, the same laws of physics allow for a diver to perform a reverse dive with one-and-a-half somersaults and enter the water headfirst. A smaller moment of inertia leads to a greater angular speed. Inward Dives Although the take-off for an inward dive is like that of a back dive, the techniques used in the air are exactly like those that are used to perform a front dive. Twisting Dives The front dive with one somersault and one twist can appear to be tricky, but it involves the same conservation of momentum as the other dives, only along two axis of rotation. When the diver takes off from the board, he begins his flipping rotation by throwing his upper body down towards his legs. Next, he unfolds while rapidly wrapping his arms about his body. This begins the twisting motion. From here, all the diver has to do is figure out what his orientation in the air is in order to know when to straighten his body to counter the flip and when to unwrap his arms to counter the twist before entering the water.

Informal Carers Work In Partnership Health And Social Care Essay

Informal Carers Work In Partnership Health And Social Care Essay As stated in block three Formal carers are contracted paid carers this could be in the form of contracted community nurses or hospital nursing staff or care home staff as well as other paid contracted carers/staff. Informal carers could be unpaid family members or friends possibly community based carers or generally someone on a voluntary basis caring for a friend relative or in a working environment. We are also answering what does health mean? How would carers ensure health? Is it simply cooking a healthy meal or providing emotional support for a family member or more complex issues like looking after an ill patient nursing them back to full health? Implications for health I feel would have a positive outcome when the two partnerships work together it would ensure better communication and understanding and also have better involvement for the two parties. Evidence for this is could be foster care; working with social services and foster carers getting a child into a loving long term foster home thus ensuring the childs mental and physical health is good and their needs be it emotional or physical are met. We can also say this could be when hospital staff and familys work together to get a family member out of hospital and well. Allowing families in hospital to help with the physical needs of the patient ie: washing and dressing empowering the family as they would feel much more feel involved with the recovery and maybe this would help in speeding up the recovery of the patient, this would also take off some pressure of already overworked nursing staff. Services such as city health care partnership (NHS Hull) help minimise the need for acute care in hospital through early interventions, community based treatment and promotion of healthy lifestyles this is an organisation that works with different health services and partnerships to provide support and care thus helping patients, families, service users and care providers with better health facilities and support which in turn will makes a stronger network of care this is where informal and formal care is interlinked. Social workers play a part in ensuring partnerships work together, be it familys or health professionals this also ensures better health of the service user and empowerment to families and carers alike. Care services have improved over the years and also knowledge and responsibilities, thus providing better access to care and support to clients and their families A two-year study, commissioned by the Department of Health, looked at 16 sites across England which formed an Integrated Care Pilot program. The sites trialed different ways of integrating care, such as between gps, community nurses, hospitals and social services. Research carried out by Ernst Young, RAND Europe and the University of Cambridge (2012) considered the impact of better integrated care on elderly people at risk of emergency hospital admissions and the treatment of conditions including dementia and mental health problems. It looked at staff and patient views on the work of the pilots scheme and also the impact on hospital admissions and lengths of stay in hospital. This report found that improvements on care increased and cost to the NHS decreased when integrated partnership schemes were put in place. In a recent review, Ovretveit (2011) concluded that the answer to the question Does clinical coordination improve quality and save money? was Yes, it can; depending on the approach used and how well it was carried out. Despite uncertainty and conflict revealed in the report the need for integrated care maintains a very good approach to ensuring adequate healthcare and services, and much effort has been put into learning from other countries that already adopt this approach (Rosen et al., 2011) iv and providing guidance to the NHS on strategies that could be used (Ham et al., 2008v; Lewis et al., 2010vi; Ham and Curry, 2011vii). Informal care still remains the predominant type of care provided as shown in the 2005() department of health care report into the role of informal carers, it showed that of which the roles and responsibilities provided by social services and councils 1.47 million clients (85% of all clients) received community-based services following assessment, and 250,000 clients received residential-based services following assessment. I think overall the implications for poor health would be relatively small when formal and informal carers work together. If a good level of shared responsibility is not met this could cause problems for the service user and or the families or care/nursing staff. Things like families and care staff not agreeing on the level of care needed or ideas of care thus causing the client/patient to be torn between formal and informal care practices this could possibly endanger the health of the client. Also poor communication would have an impact on the health of the client which could result in possible neglect and or a decline in their mental state. 852 words References http://www.chcphull.nhs.uk/pages/about-us4 http://www.healthknowledge.org.uk/public-health-textbook/medical-sociology-policy-economics/4b-health-care/section9 Ham C, Curry N. Integrated Care. What is it? Does it Work? What does it Mean for the NHS? London: Kings Fund, 2011. Ham C, Glasby J, Parker H, Smith J. Altogether Now? Policy Options for Integrating Care. Birmingham: Health Services Management Centre, University of Birmingham, 2008. Lewis R, Rosen R, Goodwin N, Dixon J. Where Next for Integrated Care Organisations in the English NHS? London: Kings Fund and Nuffield Trust, 2010. Ovretveit J. Does Clinical Coordination Improve Quality and Save Money? London: Health Foundation, 2011. Rosen R, Lewis G, Mountford J. Integration in Action: Four International Case Studies. London: Nuffield Trust, 2011. TMA04 Part 2 Assess the contribution that screening programs can make to the populations health. I think we first need to establish what is screening and what types of screening programs are available. Screening is a process of identifying apparently healthy people who may be at increased risk of a disease or condition. They can then be offered information, further tests and appropriate treatment to reduce their risk and or any complications arising from the disease or condition. Treatment can then be started promptly ensuring quality of life and enabling advice on issues such as lifestyle choices. This preventative measure can improve survival as we see from early detection of breast cancer (Tabar et al., 1989) There are many screening programs available far too many to mention a far cry from 10-15 years ago. There is no accurate evidence that states just how many screening programs are running at present but according to the uk screening portal there are over 20 basic screening tests available testing aortic aneurysm where an estimated 5000 people die each year to sickle cell disease where 17,354 identified as carriers and many many more in between. Many aim to diagnose possible illness far earlier and even before any patient has symptoms; some screening programs are aimed at new born babies and even babies still in the womb down syndrome screening program is but one of these in utero programs this is a combined blood test and special type of ultrasound test known as a nuchal translucency scan and although it is not possible to prevent this genetic abnormality that causes Downs syndrome, it has become possible to identify more accurately during pregnancy the likely risk that the baby is affected and advice and decisions on what to do next can then be sought. As stated in unit 14 disease cannot be totally irradiated but it can be reduced by preventative action and early detection through screening is a good way of doing this. Screening programs seem to deliver a positive outcome, saving many lives through early detection although as with most problems in the health service money plays a part and it has been debated on whether it is simply too costly to use all these screening programs than to just treat illnesses as they arrive (Butler., 1993) There has been much debate on screening being a waste of money as reported by the bbc in 2009. The chlamydia screening program as it was reported by The National Audit Office that  £17m could have been saved, nearly half the sum spent, if the programme had been better run as failings in this program led to many under 25s not being tested , the prime target group. There is lots of evidence through the NHS website to suggest that screening does save and improve lives but there has also been suggestion that a person could be unnecessarily worried or even harmed if they are tested for something the NHS simply cannot treat this would undoubtedly cause great stress and anguish. As stated in unit 14 research has focused on many potential risks to screening programs a report by Marshal (2006) Stated many physical and psychological harm can occur due to screening programs as a person taking the test could be wrongly labelled as sick or at high risk this could lead to the person using this as a reason to give up or let themselves go. Although screening programs are voluntary so any concern would be discussed with a doctor prior to having the screening test done and screening would be done with the interests of the patient in mind and as a priority. I think this risk factor can only be assessed on an individual basis on whether it is best to know or jus t adopt a wait and see approach. Many people with illness which is hereditary would I think want to know if they would too be struck with the same illness although I have met people in my line of health work which simply do not want to know. Knowledge is definitely power and I feel that screening programs can only be a good thing preventing and helping to prevent and eradicate many illnesss and diseases this in turn will help the nations overall health. The NHS has spent millions on screening programs as it costs around 400 million a year between 500 different organisations (NSC annual report 20011/12) unfortunately there is no clear evidence to see on how much money is spent each year treating preventable illness but I feel 400 million this nowhere near the amount needed each year, overall the positives on screening programs I feel out way any negatives discussed in the vast array of reports and studies done on this issue and surly screening can only be a good thing to empower the nation and get them into better health. 813 words

William Crimsworth Essay -- Character Analysis, Monsieur Pelet

To fall in love is a terrifying and confusing thing to most people. William Crimsworth is an excellent example of someone who goes through the trials and confusions of falling in love with the wrong person, falling out of love, and falling into unexpected love. In The Professor, Charlotte Brontà « uses Crimsworth to show the effects of love and loss in a person’s life, but how that loss may be healed. The Professor was told from the first person point of view of William Crimsworth. Monsieur Crimsworth, as he is mostly throughout the novel, is an orphan in England trying to figure out how he would make it through life. He was a smart and thoughtful man; he would often sit throughout the book and meditate on how he should handle every situation. In the beginning of the novel, Monsieur Crimsworth became a clerk for his brother, he served him â€Å"faithfully, punctually, diligently, (13)† but soon found out that working for his brother was â€Å"the most nauseous slavery under the sun (24).† Being so, Crimsworth moved to Brussels hoping to find some hope there as to how he will make it through life. Crimsworth, after being given a recommendation from a friend, is hired by Monsieur Pelet and later hired by the directress, Mademoiselle Zoraide Reuter as an English teacher in their schools. Mdlle. Reuter and Crimsworth soon began to flirt with one another and Mdlle. Reute r later becomes his â€Å"first flame(163),† and shows him what falling in love feels like along with heartbreak, after he learns that Mdlle. Reuter is in love with Monsieur Pelet. After Crimsworth realizes he was led on, he began to feel â€Å"something feverish and fiery had got into [his] veins (65).† and he treated Mdlle. Reuter with â€Å"a look, where there was no respect, no love, no te... ...† and in his case, the â€Å"impulse† is his love for Mdlle. Henri and his ability to no longer be inside of a shell. He finally told Mdlle. Henri exactly how he felt and how he wished to start a life with her. The product of him stepping out of his comfort zone to tell Mdlle. Henri how he truly feels shows how much Crimsworth really did progress throughout the novel. Crimsworth life was not the easiest of lives; he started out an incredibly confused and scared man about how his life would end up. And just when he seemed to be finding his way, he found that heartache can be one of the strongest and hardest things a person may go through, because it affects every aspect of your life. However, Brontà « uses Mdlle. Henri as the one who repairs his heart, and proves that with love and just believing in himself he can understand and make it through this terrifying life. William Crimsworth Essay -- Character Analysis, Monsieur Pelet To fall in love is a terrifying and confusing thing to most people. William Crimsworth is an excellent example of someone who goes through the trials and confusions of falling in love with the wrong person, falling out of love, and falling into unexpected love. In The Professor, Charlotte Brontà « uses Crimsworth to show the effects of love and loss in a person’s life, but how that loss may be healed. The Professor was told from the first person point of view of William Crimsworth. Monsieur Crimsworth, as he is mostly throughout the novel, is an orphan in England trying to figure out how he would make it through life. He was a smart and thoughtful man; he would often sit throughout the book and meditate on how he should handle every situation. In the beginning of the novel, Monsieur Crimsworth became a clerk for his brother, he served him â€Å"faithfully, punctually, diligently, (13)† but soon found out that working for his brother was â€Å"the most nauseous slavery under the sun (24).† Being so, Crimsworth moved to Brussels hoping to find some hope there as to how he will make it through life. Crimsworth, after being given a recommendation from a friend, is hired by Monsieur Pelet and later hired by the directress, Mademoiselle Zoraide Reuter as an English teacher in their schools. Mdlle. Reuter and Crimsworth soon began to flirt with one another and Mdlle. Reute r later becomes his â€Å"first flame(163),† and shows him what falling in love feels like along with heartbreak, after he learns that Mdlle. Reuter is in love with Monsieur Pelet. After Crimsworth realizes he was led on, he began to feel â€Å"something feverish and fiery had got into [his] veins (65).† and he treated Mdlle. Reuter with â€Å"a look, where there was no respect, no love, no te... ...† and in his case, the â€Å"impulse† is his love for Mdlle. Henri and his ability to no longer be inside of a shell. He finally told Mdlle. Henri exactly how he felt and how he wished to start a life with her. The product of him stepping out of his comfort zone to tell Mdlle. Henri how he truly feels shows how much Crimsworth really did progress throughout the novel. Crimsworth life was not the easiest of lives; he started out an incredibly confused and scared man about how his life would end up. And just when he seemed to be finding his way, he found that heartache can be one of the strongest and hardest things a person may go through, because it affects every aspect of your life. However, Brontà « uses Mdlle. Henri as the one who repairs his heart, and proves that with love and just believing in himself he can understand and make it through this terrifying life.

The Role of the Individual and Society in the Late 19th Century, Nation

The Role of the Individual and Society in the Late 19th Century, Nationalism A young boy of both German and Italian heritage opens a book on his ancestry. The earliest recordable links he can trace from his Italian and German roots are two tribes. The tribes are very similar in all aspects that he can discern. The German people have the same interests, occupations, religions, and traditions. Identical traits are seen in the Italian tribe. The boy questions, however, if these people can really be his ancestors. After all, he is German and Italian and the tribesmen all identify themselves with present day cities and provinces. Is he Sicilian and Bavarian instead of Italian and German? As the boy reads on he finds out that in the late nineteenth century, his ancestors suddenly identified themselves as German and Italian, what he expected they would be from the start. So, what happened? Divided between the conservative elite and the common liberal, Italy and Germany became unified nations through the institution of a strong military, economy, government, and the influence of a rich ancestry. Each member of society was affected by the move towards nationalism in different ways; the monarchy, liberals, and working classes in Italy and Germany embodied the results of nationalism throughout Europe. The conservative contingency of both Italy and Germany believed that the only way they could build a strong country that would withstand the tests of time was through the building of a strong economy. By building up a large amount of money from the group of territories in the nation through taxes and other sources of government finance, Italy and Germany could build respect among other nations and join the elite of Europe. T... ...--------- Bibliography 1. David Blackbourn, The Long Nineteenth Century A History of Germany, 1780-1918. New York; Oxford University Press, 1997. Notes: The novel contributes to the analyzation of the role of the individual in nineteenth century society by giving a history of the move for unification in both Germany and Italy. It provides a detailed account of historical events, focusing on all aspects and roles in German society. The book only touches on Italian unification, but it provides a good base for understanding the basic details of what took place. It goes on into World War I to show some of the effects of unification and the advance of unification in the form of alliances. The major strong point of the work, and the thing that helped me the most in my paper, was it's focus on nationalism as it pertained to each part of society in Germany.

Ancient Roman Meals :: essays research papers

Ancient Roman Meals   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The ancient Romans were similar to todays generations in their eating habits but never ate three hearty meals a day. Ientaculum and prandium were merely appetizers that filled their stomachs unitl the large cena, the event they look forward to since awakening. They had names for their meals similar to ours, breakfast (ientaculum), lunch (prandium), and dinner (cena).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Breakfast, ientaculum was usually taken about nine o'clock and consisted of merely a few pieces of bread sprinkled in salt or dipped in wine, and with a few raisins and olives, and a little cheese added. The poorest Romans ate little other than wheat either crushed to make a porridge or ground into flour for bread.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lunch, or prandium was usually taken at noon. It was usually nothing more than a piece of bread accompanied by cold meat, vegetables, and fruit washed down with a glass of wine. Both ientaculum and prandium were so short there was no need to set the table or wash ones hands.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The only serious meal was the evening dinner or cena. Dinner time was practically the same for all Romans due to the lack of artificial light. Dinner was after the bath at the end of the eigth hour in winter and at the ninth in summer. The food is mostly cold,-breads, salads, olives, cheeses, and meats remaing from last nights dinner. Occasionally, hot dishes such as ham and pig's heads are feasted upon. Some wealthy Romans would have as many as seven courses to feed on.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Trimalchio, a wealthy Roman would have a bronzed donkey with appetizer dishes of olives, stuffed dormice rolled in honey and poppy seed, hot sausages were laid on a silver grill next to pomegranate and damson seeds. The guests were still busy with the hors d'oeuvres when a tray would be brought in with a basket on it, in which there was a wooden hen spreading her wings. Under the straw were Peahen eggs that would base passed out. Each egg contained a fat becafico rolled up in spiced egg yolkf. There were plates with the twelve signs of Zodiac on them that had food matas ching the symbol, ram, bull, crab, figs, lion, etc. Some hosts would heat a wfshole pig and then entertain his guests by having skilled swordmen carve the pa fig like he was killing it. After eating, many guests would entertain each othed sfr in belching. It was considered polite to belch and release wind after a ni sce meal. Guests would simply snap their fingers and servants would come running with vases to contain urine.

Ethical Issue in Bay Area Rapid Transit

The Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) case opened the eyes of engineers about engineering ethics in the United States. The Bay Area Rapid Transit began its operations in 1972 and served three counties in San Francisco Bay area. Months before the start of operation, three engineers pointed out the deficiencies in the control systems’ design and construction.The engineers were Holger Hjortsvang, who worked in the Automated Train Control System (ATC), and Max Blankenzee, a programmer analyst who worked for Hjortsvang.Hjortsvang, a systems engineer, noticed that BART lacked a systems engineering group to supervise the â€Å"development of control and propulsion systems† (Book Rags, 2006). They reported it to their manager, but he rejected it. At the same time, Robert Bruder, an electrical engineer, became aware of how his managers disregarded reports about shoddy work. The three engineers decided to bring their concerns to the Board of Directors through Daniel Helix, a board me mber.However, the Board rejected them and fired them without any written cause or appeal. In 1973, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Committee on Social Implications of Technology (CSIT) intervened by submitting a two-part resolution to the IEEE Board of Directors. The resolution called for IEEE mechanisms to assist engineers when they are placed in jeopardy, in conformity to their ethical principles. As such, the resolution called for IEEE to intervene for the three engineers. Through the IEEE U. S.Activities Committee (USAC), the Board commissioned an amicus curiae brief which aimed to articulate general principles but not to side with the engineers. Moreover, the brief convinced the court that when an engineer was dismissed in an effort to protect the public safety, his termination will be a breach to his employment contract. Afterwards, the engineers accepted a settlement of $75,000 (Book Rags, 2006). Reference Book Rags. (2006). Bay Area Rapid Transi t case. Retrieved December 10, 2008, from http://www. bookrags. com/research/bay-area-rapid-transit-case-este-0001_0001_0/

European Invasion

The European invasion of the New World from the 15th century to the 18th century altered the lives of the Native Americans that lived in eastern North America in more ways than they could’ve ever imagined. The New World provided raw materials, such as metal as soil. The massive invasion all begun in 1492 which was then known as the massive â€Å"white† invasion and Columbus’s discovery marked the beginning of this invasion which overtook all of North America over the next four centuries. The lives of the Native Americans would never be the same.European settlers introduced the Native American’s to new costumes but not all, if any, were good. Europeans brought Christianity into the New World and introduced the Native Americans to the religion. Europeans thought that Native Americans would be easy to convert into Christianity. â€Å"These people would be easy to convert to our holy faith† is famous quote by Jacques Cartier. Europeans didn’t con sider the Native Americans opinions or beliefs and frankly they didn’t care. Europeans also introduced the Native Americans with diseases that they weren’t use to, for example malaria and infections to smallpox and measles.Due to all of these diseases the population of North America decreased and continued to until about the 1700s. The Europeans were also armed with technology and the Native American cultures of their civilizations were lost. Europeans took over the New World between the 15th and 18th century, although that wasn’t their main objective. Their main objective was to settle and gain land in North America. With the arrival of the Europeans governments and laws were formed that didn’t benefit the Native Americans in anyway.Europeans claimed lands and Native Americans were forced to accept that the Europeans were now in charge. Europeans had all the authority in the New World. Native Americans were experiencing New World imperialism. Native Amer icans became frightened and started living in fear. Decrease in population and war resulted in the creation of new communities for instance the Choctaw. To trade a faster pace and consume more money was what the Europeans dreamed of and they didn’t want anything or anyone to get in the way of their dream. Native Americans were dragged into the expanding economy.Before the Europeans had invaded the New World, North America had a strong military force that began in the Mohawk Valley. They were known as the Iroquois and were merged by the Mohawks, the Oneidas, the Cayugas, and the Senecas, which was five Indian nations. The Native Americans were such powerful individuals but then the Europeans came along and stripped them of all their pride and altered the way they once looked at life. All and all, right before the Native Americans eyes change was happening and the way they lived was never how it once was before.The Native Americans had their land ripped from right underneath th em without any warning or any sign. Though the Native Americans of eastern North America may have had questions to why their lives were being altered. The Europeans invaded the New World during the 15th-18th century without any answers to why they were doing so. The Europeans had expectations and a plan. They didn’t stop at any means and they were determined to follow through with the success of their invasion.

Healthy Body, Healthy Mind Essay

Many people believe that â€Å"A healthy body makes a healthy mind†. I hesitate on the word â€Å"make† — Assuming a healthy mind means something like integrity, happiness and optimistic attitude, I believe that people who have a healthy body usually also have a healthy mind, but a healthy body is not necessarily for a healthy mind. The players in professional sports leagues are probably the most physically healthy people in the world; however it’s not uncommon to hear news of their troubles, such as crimes or family violences. A healthy body shares some common causes with a healthy mind. The process of pursuing a healthy body requires good discipline. It’s easy to exercise for one day, but one must endeavor to keep exercising to stay in a physically healthy condition. Long distance running is a well known way of having a healthy body. To prepare to run a full marathon, one has to repeat many moderate or long distance running practices. It’s such a painful process that one likely to give up if he/she doesn’t have strong will power. If a person has such will power, it’s no surprise that this person can be successful at other things. A person achieves many life goals is likely to have a healthy mind. A healthy body can be a factor of a healthy mind: physically healthy people usually have more energy to work on things they care about, therefore have a better chance to enjoy their lives. In contrast, physically unhealthy people may be disturbed by their health issues. Their concerns can distract them from doing things that would make them happy. A scientific study also tried to discover the secret relation between exercise and the mind. Scientists found a chemical substance called endorphins [1], which can be reproduced by human body during exercise, excitement, spicy food tasting, etc. It can interact with some other substances in the human body to generate a feeling of well-being. A well-known effect of endorphins is â€Å"runners high,† which is said to occur when people exercise so strenuously that their bodies reach the threshold of endorphin release. Scientists are still not sure of the amount of endorphins the human body can generate or how much it impacts a human’s mind. But at least most of the running enthusiasts I know are all very nice people. The ex-Google VP, the founder of Google China, a role model of many Chinese  young students and entrepreneurs, Kaifu Lee, was recently diagnosed with cancer. He said he should have spent less time on work and more time on doing things that would have kept him healthy, especially sufficient sleep and exercise. This tells us that at the end of the day, fame and wealthy will not make people happy if they don’t have a healthy body. We should get away from the chair and the computer some time everyday to exercise. It might not make us better people, but it’ll make us lead longer and happier life.