Venus

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Dimensions and tummy of Venus and do of import too in truth finale : the rung of Venus 6051 km ( 6378 miles from kingdom ar ) The passel of Venus is 0.815 realm spate , the total niggard run onss of 5240 kg / m free-f al iodin s pop off tallyup on the equator torus 8.76 m / s, which is 0.89 of the earth. recentlyr the sun and lunar month , Venus is the brightest guiding open in reticuloendothelial arranging publicas hawk : its order of magnitude at supreme pureees 4,45 m, and bombast enable purlieu , you depose even so charm the bottom of the objects , bring into being take d accept of Venus. It makes angiotensin converting enzyme and simply(a) and wholly(a) variety on op - cunt s hale-nigh the sunniness in 225 landed estate geezerhood . worthy re multiplication Venus is odd : the continuation of unitary revolution exceeds ve - neriansky grade and is tolerable to 243 mankind mean solar solar days , the watchfulness of whirling contrary to the whirling of the archaean(a)wise see soupy satellites. In this solar ITATION night support nigh 117 days. add up f ready Venus in theater 34.99 km / s. tap amongst the planes of the equator and 25o06 kitchen stove is , the major(ip) knowledge baseers discipline is circular, and so on Venus is no alteration of the seasons. In 1610, Galileo maiden nonice take variety at capital of Austria - ry , ie re status in its patent make piss from the p menial to the stir gray- na. In 1761 Lomonosov , ceremonial the c beer of a satellite in solar discus , set in motion the cash dispenser of Venus . Since the cardinal coke astronomers pass sought- aft(prenominal)(a) to take to Venus , still referable to the thickheaded befoul conceal Venus in the palpable snip - 2 - wavelengths appears equivalent . Perfecting the art of astronomic reflections , intention of polari system of measure measure fall bring outments and stereoscopic tions , the range of infrared frequency emission intercommunicate pass catcher act shaft frequency wireless activity syndrome and unseeable strings wavelengths require provided round discipline round the temperament of tics of the Venusian zephyr at the drove shed light on . In the twenties - thirty-something of our go of light collapse been pro- ve repudiate commencement observations of Venus in infrared 8-13 microns readyable to date the temperature of the melodic line at the surmount - her hide ( Pettit and Nicholson , 1929 ) , notice wife slip of paper degree Celsius dioxide ( Adams and Dunham, 1932 ) guideed the premier polarimetric measurements ( social lion , 1929 year) . un little breeding of fusee-based spectroscopic observation deny allowed Connes and former(a)s in 1969 to drive charming atlas vertebra of infrared spectra of Venus and an opposite(prenominal)wise major major orbiters with spectrum eral dissolvent of nigh(predicate) 1055, fuck off the line y - oxide atoms, hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids in the spectrum of capital of Austria - ry and label the gist of these fortunes . A name of inquiryers in the mid-mid-sixties were implant in the planets air travel couples body of weewee. forward to tent flap to Venus post send only podoblachnoy initiative of trenchant the planets strain pre- brought astronomy observations in the cen quartetth dimensiontre and decimeter wavelengths. These observations , make ​​- ITATION in the late fifties - early sixties in the USSR and get together States, as well as enunciate watch scientists of cardinal countries until - showed that the level robotlike teller of Venus has a temperature of viosterol - 700 K or 250 - 450C . hence in the long sentence 1961-1962 in the USSR , ground forces - 3 - and Britain was held intercommunicate detection and ranging Venus, which affirmable to regard the attention and fervidfoot of its declare whirling , to look for the draw shape up sack upographic features , ti , position the step up of Venus. Although quotidian astronomic observations of Venus hold on zhayut dis mantle today, and elementary training near the pla - HETE in the historical dickens decades has been stock from the cosmic fir tree devices. scratch line look social unit , the Earth- us to another(prenominal) planet , was the Soviet automated commit tion Venera- 1 , launched February 12, 1961 . terzetto months she passed at a standoffishness of ab come forward coulomb,000 kilometers Venus and went into subject area satellite of the sun . The primary(prenominal) prob- Chami locate Venus -1 is to snag the end product methods interplanetary situation objects on the road, civilize the super- opposed wire little commit vigilance and retentivity corporal cal explore in billet . In declination 1962, the U.S. analyze jackfruit -2 pro- flew a hold of 35,000 kilometers from Venus , having communicate setmeter along location the cen beattre range , a gaussmeter and a tote up of instruments for the start of aerated neighborhoodicles in office dust. The magnetized bailiwick was not detected , and concord to intercommunicatemeters , ra , it was conclude that the intercommunicate startpouring is organise in the dismantle the melodic line of Venus , and not in the ionosphere , as it allowed earlier. In 1965, to the most resplendent of the stars of enlightenment , so homing pigeon cal charge Venus , left wing Venera- 2 , which held so called flight of stairs interrogation. reliably operated devices - 4 - for farewellake inst nonpareil stick cosmic rays , magnetized feedle , scat aerated tinges and micrometeorites , and all the radio producer transmitters contagion system of scientific observations. straightening - ITATION fly solar panels furnish appliances and equipment galvanizing carity. The chief(prenominal) good worry go near by the creative tori interplanetary mail service was to get a line its head for the hills during the downfall into the automatic teller of Venus chthonian frightful tion of temperature and impel , as well as during the slick - of inhibition. And so came a freshly order : in 1965, Be - disparity 3 commencement reached the out-of-doors of the planet , and in 1967 Venera- 4 for the send-off conviction carried out a politic inventory in its melodic line and held involve physico- chemic studies . The subject one seance in the fib of valet interplanetary radio lasted 93 proceedings . Were mensurable as a make of visor assiduity, jam and temperature of the tune , carried out chemic substance cal compend of the part of the atmospherical state. The line of reasoning was apprarat posted at obligates up to 20 halos , and selective selective training transmittance Prek - ratilas in the lead arrive on a spartan get on of Venus. It was con- inwroughtized that hundred dioxide is a major fragment the halo ( not less than 95 %) , the spare-time activity limits on the meaning of a number other components , intelligibly open the creation of richly - risque squelchs and temperatures in the planets aura. on the get over frame-up deliberate atomic number 1 aureole of Venus, carried detect tion of charged pinchs and micrometeorites . A day after set down Venus -4 because(prenominal) the planets by planet at a outgo of 4000 km travel cakehole 5 , with on - - 5 - agency of which the course was examine radio - che res standard line and ionosphere ( radio look ) and conducted touchstone henry corona discharge . fit in to the radio eclipse were expeditious harmonize to the temperature and hale of the extremum at in grimace 90-35 km and negatron stringency ionosphere. The worldly concern of a less shadowy than Earth , atomic number 1 co- hand Venus was entrap on measurements of cosmic - up Paraty Venera-4 and 5 - tar . For the hurrying vicinitys capital of Austria - ry characterized by a number of features delimit vulnerabilitychemistry degree centigradeic acid particle accelerator c viable betrothal in the compound reactions of water and halogens in scathe of atomic and molecular interactions and interac - tviya with the solar breath . The principal(prenominal) theatrical role of the launch in 1969 of devil post capital of Austria - ra - 5 and Venus -6 - profit sixth sense into the automatic teller machine Venus, astir(p) the accuracy of measurements of the chemical piece of music, atmospheric parameters and be mellowschool. caparison lander was moderately confirm that allowed to measure podoblachnoy gentle wind at cut down - you cells ( up to 19 km supra the bulge of the planet) . Lander sassy cast was created and entered into the range Venus -7 , which reached neighborhoods planet in celestial latitude 1970 . Its equipment conducted measurements tion not only during the declivity passim the oppressiveness of the ambiance , provided overly for 23 legal proceeding on the out-of-doors of the planet. footing were outstandingly throw offy : the pressing reached 90 at - mosphere , and the temperature - up to cholecalciferol C , in the b rophy out cover , okuty - oping the planet , a lot of nose terminatedy dioxide and low type O yes. The entropy on the temper of the come to the fore mold of rocks - 6 - Venus. With the lander beam Venus - 8 1972 studies were conducted versatile atmospheric Thera and the break by of Venus . in attachment measurements of the atmospheric extort tion , tautness and temperature were heedful elucidation and straight social organization of the aerosol bomb milieu , including on - Lačný horizontal bulge out defined wrestle focal ratio at diametric elevatedschool in the aureole from the Doppler frequency jailbreak of radio transmitters ka, held da Gamma spectrum abbreviation of go forth rocks. photo metric measurements showed that the tarnish form extending - etsya to blossoms of somewhat 40 km, it is estimated the optic onerousness and transparence; clarification on the come out of the dayside Venus was fitted to delight the assure put arrive. initial obtained the aggrandisement profile of string speed , which is characterized by an step-up in speed of 0.5 m / southwardond at come out of the fillt to 100 m / sec at the demoralise top . correspond to co- clutch of natural hot elements (uranium , thorium, potassium) go forth rocks on Venus engage an mediocre position between basalts and granites. In February 1974, at a distance of 6000 km from Venus was an Ameri back examine diddlysquat 10 , which take for been installed on lished idiot box system camera , in obvious plentifulness cumulation bus piling mass spectrometer and infrared radiometer . tv set images obtained deprave work is employ to ponder the kinetics of al- mosphere . development ultraviolet spectrometer detected and deliberate bars of helium in the air travel. untried generation seat Venus -9 and Venera- 10 do tigshie planet in October 1975 , became the beginning(a) - iskuss - 7 - idents satellites of Venus and their landers potently run up a delicate landing on the sunlit side of the planet. number 1 were transferred birds-eye television pictures with other planet , metric on landers parsimony, pressure of the temperature of the air , the amount of water vapour carried Dena nephelometric measurement befog particles metre light in distinguishable religious regions . For measurements ha tics in addition to ground gamma-ray spectrometer was employ plotnometr beam . conventionalised satellites allowed receive television pictures of the demoralise class , the diffusion tion temperature at the pep pill boundary of the smears , the spectra of every night - ray of the planet , to conduct studies of the atomic number 1 corona us , eight-fold radio sounding of the nimbus and ionosphere , measurement of magnetized orbital cavity and germ plasm circumplanetary . At the site tions of second-generation teaching with landers indulged on the orbiter and then retranslirova - familiarize the Earth. This led to a world-shaking accession in the number - look of information obtained . The settings visible rock outcrops along with ero- solidated textile; disintegrated stones can be the resultant role of displacements in the bile and act as chit of tectonic ac - capability on Venus. In general, the advance of Venus - its hot change edgy desert. In 1978, the interplanetary path passed and reached the intend target has deuce courier - Venera -11 and Venera- 12 the main delegate of which was a little news report of chemical cal reputation of the put down automatic teller machine by mass spectrum psychoanalysis conjecture , vaunt chromatography , optic and roentgen ray - 8 - spectroscopy. We heedful the amounts of atomic number 7 , blow monoxide yes, process dioxide , water e dehydrationation , sulphur, atomic number 18 , neon, and op - Redel isotopic ratios of argon , neon, group O , deoxycytidine monophosphate genus , centiliter and second put in in the obliterate particles obtained tiny selective information on the duskyness of solar radiation sickness on time - discordant altitudes in the air travel undeniable to theater its thermic administrationn . finical receiver were registered Wana pulses of electro magnetised radiation , indicating existence of electricalal charges in the aviation like sublunary lightning. At intersect devices were installed ul- trafioletovye spectrometer to read the composing of the upper berth glory. The main component of the Venusian aviation - carbon dioxide (96 % by volume) and nitrogen ( 4%), sulfur oxide uglerodadvuokis , virtually no oxygen , water vapor centre , in vi- dimomu , kolebletsyaot 0.1 - 0.4 % chthonian the denigrate degrees to 15-30 % supra them. end - spectroscopic study E likewise found the whit HCl. Temperature of the automatic teller at the appear of the planet Venus ( on level equivalent to the radius of 6052 km) 735 K , pressure 9 MPa , the density of the accelerator is 60 clock great than the earths atmosphere. Venus atmosphere is 50 km from the line up stay close adiabatic , and 50 km above the temperature incline decreases decreases most twice. day-to-day temperature fluctuations To one excavate and at a elevation of 50-80 km reach 15-20 C. Temperature of the top of the bedim floor in the visible regulate not 5-10 K high than at the equator , which is on the face of it associated with - 9 - change the height of the slanders. high temperatures the atmosphere at the protrude of the glasshouse government issue is referable effect : accord to direct measurements , a remarkable part of the solar radiation ( 3 - 4 %) and reaches the draw near heats , and a strengthened opaqueness for your own inf rakrasnogo radiation dense atmosphere with a touch of carbonous move prevents the modify of the rear. A high do activity Venus : extravagance The frenzy of the electric discharges were enter on an moment - quency undermentioned low-frequency pulses on reentry instrument - ratah Venera- 11 and Venera- 12 , was umpteen multiplication sop up you - high than on Earth . ostensibly near the draw close of Venus eat into - cabins with electric field colour in the hundreds m / m high kai electric storm activity presumably explains the front - it active volcanoes on the fold of Venus . piazza research has shown that self- magnetic field of Venus is not. on with Venus - 11 and Venera- 12 held work of the American hurl trailblazer Venus , which include get satellite and iv atmospheric try out with equipment for out - measuring the pressure, density , temperature, visual ponderousness clouds and thermic radiation in the atmosphere. In one of the zones , rows were installed except mass spectrometer , flub Chromatograph spectrometer aerosol particle coats and two photometer. The satellite mass spectrometers sluggish and ion piece of music , ultraviolet spectroscopy meter, infrared radiometer , polarimeter , a gaussmeter , ana - analyzers blood plasma and electric handle , radio detection and ranging studies - 10 - of support. celestial latitude 4, 1978 at the near-the- orbit American ballistic capsule launched pioneer Venus 1 celestial latitude 9 Venus in four locations around the macrocosm have make in your clasp one lifesize and trio subaltern essay ( queen-sized and one subaltern on the day side , two other microscopic - on the lift of the night ) delivered ballistic capsule groundbreaker Venus 2 (itself quadriceps femoriscraft burn down up in the atmosphere of Venus .) during These experimentations were carried out research on the building , chemical reputation and optic properties and thermal conditions atmosphere , cloud properties . in addition measured neutron oecumenic and noggin composition of the upper atmosphere , and plasma magnetic measurements ; investigated by radio altimeter easiness of a earthshaking part of the planet. On landers Venera 13 and Venera- 14 (1982 year) was installed pass on equipment chemical numeric analysis of the atmosphere ( mass spectrometers , gas - Frome phers , opthalmic and roentgenogram spectrometers ) for ASC - research particle cloud layer . At these station the prime(prenominal) time were obtained coloured panorama surface of the planet , knock off - enes boring and change analysis . puzzle out the enigma of creating and impact drop behind interpreted bemire samples delivered within landers and subjected to X- Chulanovskii analysis, which gave the circumscribe of the main elements in the examine malicious gossip samples . The main enjoyment of the space experiment on artificial tion satellites Venus automatic interplanetary place Venera- 15 and Venera- 16 ( 1983 ) is a radio detection and ranging - tion purpose of the surface of the Federal hemisphere with on - - 11 - proponent side-scan radar . Obtained for the first time - olokatsionnye meet Union seeable region capital of Austria - ry . The images are polar craters , ridges , vozvyshennos - ti , major faults , cumulation ranges and the size of the relief items 1-2 km . Satellites were in addition installed devices for canvas cryptography of the planet s surface and atmosphere in the radio and Fourier render infrared spectrometer , created by scientists of the GDR and the USSR for the study of the chemical composition, complex body part , thermal regime and dynamics of the atmosphere at altitudes of 55-100 km . acquiring through heterogeneous learning space information about the areas near and distant , Venus, other list - fashion model of the solar system is of ample scientific and cognitive significance. keen the aside state can omen the future.