tulips by slvia plath :: essays research papers

TulipsThe poem Tulips written by Sylvia Plath is a poem that uses passing vivid language and detail. The poem is called Tulips, although tulips play a minor mapping in the poem. This poem is more nigh the observation of tulips then it is about factual tulips. At one point it almost feels as if she is jealous of the Tulips. She writes in the showtime person and has a very original structure. The poem is a easily read but intriguing at the same time.This poem is about a person whom might have been injured in a combat of some kind or a war. The setting is a hospital. Plath leaves many an(prenominal) details to the imagination but the setting is concrete. This poem is written in the first person. I believe Plath might take on an alternate indistinguishability in order to write this poem. The speaker in this poem seems to be depressed. downhearted about her life, her family, and her situation in this hospital. Visible from the green plasticpillowed trolley that she lays on are , red tulips. Plath writes in seven line stanzas. She uses a unequalled poetry scheme that changes from in each stanza. Occasionally she isolates one line in order to annunciate its meaning. She also uses enjambment to help stress the meaning of definite lines. Plath also like to use metaphor and simile in her poem. Lines guild and ten she uses simile when she writes, Like an eye between two white lids that pass on not shut. Stupid pupil, it has to take everything in. She is stationary in her spang and almost doesnt want to see everything anymore but she cannot hide what is vent on around her.The Tulips in this poem play a unique role. It is as if she is jealous of the tulips. She makes the reader understand that the tulips are so red that they mechanically draw attention. Earlier in the poem she speaks of how no one notices her. She compared herself to a pebble and speaks of how the nurses tend over her. Not that she is being neglected but that she is part of in that locati on routine. It is as if they have to tend to her not as if they want to. She is fazed that everyday no one notices her except for today when the tulips are present.tulips by slvia plath essays research papers TulipsThe poem Tulips written by Sylvia Plath is a poem that uses extremely vivid language and detail. The poem is called Tulips, although tulips play a minor role in the poem. This poem is more about the observation of tulips then it is about actual tulips. At one point it almost feels as if she is jealous of the Tulips. She writes in the first person and has a very original structure. The poem is a easy read but intriguing at the same time.This poem is about a person whom might have been injured in a battle of some kind or a war. The setting is a hospital. Plath leaves many details to the imagination but the setting is concrete. This poem is written in the first person. I believe Plath might take on an alternate identity in order to write this poem. The speaker in this poe m seems to be depressed. Depressed about her life, her family, and her situation in this hospital. Visible from the green plasticpillowed trolley that she lays on are, red tulips. Plath writes in seven line stanzas. She uses a unique rhyme scheme that changes from in each stanza. Occasionally she isolates one line in order to annunciate its meaning. She also uses enjambment to help stress the meaning of certain lines. Plath also like to use metaphor and simile in her poem. Lines nine and ten she uses simile when she writes, Like an eye between two white lids that will not shut. Stupid pupil, it has to take everything in. She is stationary in her bed and almost doesnt want to see everything anymore but she cannot hide what is going on around her.The Tulips in this poem play a unique role. It is as if she is jealous of the tulips. She makes the reader understand that the tulips are so red that they automatically draw attention. Earlier in the poem she speaks of how no one notices her . She compared herself to a pebble and speaks of how the nurses tend over her. Not that she is being neglected but that she is part of there routine. It is as if they have to tend to her not as if they want to. She is bothered that everyday no one notices her except for today when the tulips are present.

Austrian Immigration to Canada :: essays research papers

There are a lot of important migration routes nowadays one of pretty crowded route is between the Canada and Europe. This essay ordain answer the questions of migration issue among the Austrian immigration to Canada. Canada can be identified simply as a uncouth of vast geographical size, the second vauntinglyst country in the world, still with a small population of some 25 million people, and is in many ways several countries accidentally linked by the historical development, peopled by different and distinct immigrant cultures, symbolised by having two official languages.(Brake, 1985, p.144) Immigration is a big complex issue that depends on individualistic choice but if there should be a generalisation it would be indicate as a struggle to create a juvenile heart with hopes by sweeping the past mostly. To an answer to why is it a complex issue, it can be said that the general dissatisfaction, which means, people migrating to other countries by expiration many things behind mostly nag just about the conditions of the new country in terms of racism, ethnic prejudice overly native residents complain about newcomers too. So if nothing has changed in terms of satisfaction why are these people still continuing to migrate? To make this question clearer, some points cause to be highlighted as firstly brief information about how Austrians came to Canada then why Canada is attractive to Austrian residents, sociologic profile of Austrian immigrants, what are the contributions of immigrants for the migrated country and also the issue of natives feedback to immigrants. Even tough Austrian immigration seems considerably positive for Canadians, they implement discriminations and prejudice among them. Immigrants from the Austro-Hungarian Empire began to arrive in Canada as early as the seventeenth century (who) were soldiers enrolled in French regiments which came to New France, sojourners, and settlers (Engellman, 1996, p.45). From 1880s on, more Austro-Hungaria ns immigrated to Canada and, after the turn of the century they were arriving on a large scale. During the world-wide crisis (1923-1929) the unemployment rate was on average 9.5 percent which followed on World War two by continuing rose more sharply still (Engellman, 1996, p.59). Moreover, in the Second World War period, Austrians had violent oppression and had fear about their on lives on racial grounds then they faced with a new problem to find a secure place to live. Because of the unstable economy and having own problem in herself, Canada shut down their doors to large scale of refugees, but post-war period Austrian immigration also be successful, approximately 30,000 refugees and Austrian citizens found a new home there (Engellman, 1996, p.

Wally :: essays research papers

Elmer, Walt was a friend I knew when I lived in California. Despite being a throwback from the 1960s and a reject from societys public eye, Walt still lived with a smile on his face and a story in his heart. Walt loved to differentiate stories and he loved the place where he told them. Walt also loved to drink and toward the end of an evening the bottle had met his lips way too many times. Old flower child ways faded to history for everyone else but Walt. Elmer didnt like his real name. He liked being c entirelyed by his middle name, Walter, because of the relentless teasing that went on in his childhood. Elmer shared the same name as the famous Warner Brothers cartoon character, Elmer Fudd. The small circle of friends which Wally and myself were a part of gave him several nicknames. Two stood out the most. Walt Walter Wally Wallester, all one nickname but kind of long and the other Sir Walter Wally. He liked to be called the latter of the two. I would call him Wallester, which he disliked vehemently, to grow a reaction from him.When Walt entered a room, hed get noticed. It wasnt his stature. His normal five foot ten inch medium frame didnt give him away. It was his demeanor and the enclothe he wore that would make heads turn. His shoulder length kinked hair and long untrimmed beard surrounding leathery skin would be the focal point for his audience. Walt almost always wore a smile. His facial expression was one of comfort, not hatred. People did not fear him. He chose to wear clothes reminiscent of the late sixties. His brown fringed sued vest would wrap around layers of unmatched colored tee-shirts. His oversized Budweiser belt pant would rest on his hips safekeeping up striped bellbottom pants that partially coved white on black high top tennis shoes. Hed wear his belt buckle not in the center of his torso but way off to the side almost on his left hip. Because Im cool. hed reply when asked about his fashion choice. Sir Walter Wally lived about twenty miles south of Berkeley, California in the small town of Castro Valley. His tiny second story apartment was dear outside the downtown area. The complex was old and out of code. The rings had been painted so many times before due to past tenants that it was hard to tell what was wall and what was trim, for the two had blended together creating a single texture.

Dont Blame Me :: essays research papers

Who job is it really to realize if you or myself have had too much to drink? What were discussing is the simple fact if it is a bars, barkeeper, or waiters responsibility for their customers actions once they leave. Some people believe so, like our State of Texas. The question is whose respoonsibility really is it? I actually dont believe that it is no wholeness persons responsibility for how much one person drink, except for the people themselves. The State on the other had believes and enforces thatit is the bars, bartender, ot waiters responsibility.Personally, I dont think that there is and one around that knows me intimately enough how mich it takes me to be drunk or intoxicated to where I may hurt others or myself. To be truthful, at times I dont realize it myself until I actually get up from seat and walk around for a while. So how can we hold others responsible for wat we do after we do after we leave their site? I dont think it is fair it is nearly impossible to spot eve rybody that has been served to where you can tell if thy have dad too much. The legal toll the State gives is " the provider (a person who sells or servers an wet beverage under authority of a license or permit) is responsible for the provision (the person who comsumes the alcoholic beverage) for the individual be sold, served, provided with an alcoholic beverage is abviously intoxicated to the extent that he (provision) presents a clea danger to himself and others. The promblem is how do we know? For example, there is a man that stands at 58 and weighs 160. Then you have another man that stands at 63 and weighs 250. They both fo into a bar together and they sit down at the bar and ordinate Long Island Ice Teas. Now the first thought that comes to your mind is ,"I better slow the little guy down because this drink has 4 several(predicate) liquors and hell probally try to keep up with his buddy?" Which dos happen they wait for each other to finish and order another ro und together. Now the bartender notices that the little guy is always waiting on the big fellow. So the bartender tries to slow them down, but they say they are all right and he gives them their last drink.

The Cage of Love Essay -- Love is a Prison

Why is it that heartache almost always precede after the act of first love? Things would be simpler if timing were not a crucial factor in romance. If love would transcend our different points in our foreign journeys. Rob, you say you are ready to take the fateful jump, but wont do it lonesome. Love, you say, is a two way thing. Your vision and hopes are turning bleak and suspenseful now you never imagined it like this. But what do you do with all in all your passion and smitten feelings and sentimental attachment about this relationship when you have to face the possibility that it will not go your way this time? entrust you hold on to them and wait, suffering in silence? Or at last, will another road be taken? I believe that the crossroads after heartache is this to move on from what the universe that brought you (appreciate the lesson) or to engulf yourself with sadness (hold on to it so tightly for months). I know that there are few issues that will destroy you faster than mat ters of the heart. You are, after all, an emotional, albeit resilient being. Over the years, Ive held ...

The Cage of Love Essay -- Love is a Prison

Why is it that heartache almost always precede after the act of first love? Things would be simpler if timing were not a crucial factor in romance. If love would transcend our different points in our foreign journeys. Rob, you say you are ready to discover the fateful jump, but wont do it lonesome. Love, you say, is a two way thing. Your vision and hopes are turning bleak and suspenseful now you never imagined it like this. hardly what do you do with all your passion and smitten feelings and sentimental attachment about this relationship when you have to face the possibility that it will not go your way this time? Will you hold on to them and wait, suffering in silence? Or at last, will another road be taken? I believe that the crossroads after heartache is this to move on from what the universe that brought you (appreciate the lesson) or to engulf yourself with sadness (hold on to it so tightly for months). I know that there are few issues that will destroy you faster than matter s of the heart. You are, after all, an emotional, albeit resilient being. Over the years, Ive held ...

Education System Comparison Between Usa and Latvia Essay

IntroductionE genuinelyone knows that in nowadays there atomic number 18 many possibilities and ways to learn, but in Latvia this is very topical theme right now. many an(prenominal) of the senior high-pitched give lessons school ammonium alums want to learn abroad. And I do not think that this is good, because like about one-half of the students or people that go to learn abroad, never comes back to the native country. That is why I have chosen this topical theme. I am deviation to theme raisingal systems in these countries. I am going to poll some of the 12th grade students about what are they thinking about accomplishment in USA. I want to achieve that kind of position when a student reads my research project and especially the higher pedagogy in Latvia bankrupt he changes his mind and stays to learn here. My hypothesis for this Research Work is the fostering systems in Latvia and in the USA are contrastive and this is a cause why people in Latvia choose the USA fo r studies very often. The Aim of the Research Work is to compare the pedagogy systems in the USA and in Latvia and to get d production in out middle school students sagacity about studies in Latvia and in the USA. The main objectives of the Research Work are To collect the in playation about educational system in Latvia To collect the information about educational system in the USA To make a questionnaire and analyze the results of middle school students opinion about studies in Latvia and in the USAeducational system in USA fostering in the United States is provided mainly by government, with control and backup coming from three levels federal, state, and local. School att endance is mandatory and nearly universal at the primary and secondary levels. At these levels, school curricula, funding, teaching, and other policies are cause through locally elected school boards with jurisdiction over school districts. School districts are normally separate from other local jurisdictio ns, with independent officials and budgets. Educational standards and standardized testing decisions are usually made by state governments. The develop for compulsory education vary by state, put downning at the age five to eight and ending at the age of fourteen to eighteen. A growing number of states are now requiring school attendance until the age of 18.61.1 Preschoolthither are no mandatory public prekindergarten or crche programs in the United States. The federal government funds the preschool program for children of low-income families, but most families are on their own with regard to finding a preschool or childcare. In the large cities, there are sometimes upper-class preschools catering to the children of the wealthy.61.2 Elementary and thirdhand EducationSchooling is compulsory for all children in the United States, but the age range for which school attendance is getd varies from state to state. Most children begin elementary education with kindergarten (usually fiv e to 6 years old) and finish secondary education with twelfth grade (usually eighteen years old). In some cases, pupils whitethorn be promoted beyond the next regular grade. Some states allow students to leave school at the age of 1417 with parental permission, before complete high school. Most parents send their children to either a public or private institution. According to government data, one-tenth of students are enrolled in private schools. around 85% of students enter the public schools, largely because they are free (tax burdens by school districts vary from area to area). Most students attend school for around six hours per day, and usually anywhere from 175 to 185 days per year. Most schools have a summer niche period for about two and half months from June through August. This break is much longer than in many other nations. Originally, summer vacation, as it is colloquially called, allowed students to participate in the harvest period during the summer. However, this remains largely by tradition.6 Parents whitethorn also choose to educate their own children at rest home 1.7% of children are educated in this manner.1.2.1 Junior high schoolJunior high school is any school intermediate between elementary school and high school. It usually includes seventh and eighth grade, and sometimes sixth or 9th grade. In some locations, junior high school includes ninth grade only, allowing students to ad vindicatory to a high school environment. Middle school is often utilize instead of junior high school when demographic factors increase the number of younger students. At this time, students are given more independence as choosing their own classes. Usually, starting in ninth grade, grades stupefy part of a students official transcript. Future employers or colleges may want to see veritable(a) improvement in grades and a good attendance record on the official transcript. in that locationfore, students are encouraged to take much more responsibility fo r their education.61.3 higher(prenominal) educationPost-secondary education in the United States is known as college or university and commonly consists of four years of study at an institution of higher learning. There are 4,352* colleges, universities, and junior colleges in the USA. Students traditionally apply to receive admission into college, with varying difficulties of entrance. Schools differ in their agonisticness and reputation generally, the most prestigious schools are private, rather than public. Admissions criteria involve the rigor and grades earned in high school courses taken, class ranking, and standardized test. Most colleges also consider more subjective factors such(prenominal) as a commitment to extracurricular activities, a personal essay, and an interview. While numerical factors rarely ever are absolute required values, each college usually has a rough threshold below which admission is unlikely.2 *- January 2009. data from www.ed.govOnce admitted, student s engage in at a lower placegrad study, which consists of satisfying university and class requirements to achieve a knight bachelors power point in a field of concentration known as a major. The most common method consists of four years of study leading to a unmarried man of humanities (B.A.), a Bachelor of Science (B.S.), or sometimes another bachelors breaker point such as Bachelor of Fine arts (B.F.A.), Bachelor of Social Work (B.S.W.), Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng.,) or Bachelor of Philosophy (B.Phil.) Five-Year Professional Architecture programs disco biscuit the Bachelor of Architecture Degree (B.Arch.) Professional degrees such as law, medicine, pharmacy, and dentistry, are offered as graduate study aft(prenominal) earning at least three years of undergraduate instruction or after earning a bachelors degree depending on the program.These professional fields do not require a proper(postnominal) undergraduate major, though medicine, pharmacy, and dentistry have set prerequisite courses that must be taken before enrollment.2 Some students choose to attend a lodge college for two years prior to further study at another college or university. In most states, company colleges are operated either by a division of the state university or by local special districts subject to guidance from a state agency. Community colleges may award Associate of Arts (AA) or Associate of Science (AS) degree after two years. Those seeking to continue their education may transfer to a four-year college or university. Some community colleges have automatic enrollment agreements with a local four-year college, where the community college provides the first two years of study and the university provides the remaining years of study, sometimes all on one campus.The community college awards the associates degree, and the university awards the bachelors and masters degrees. Graduate study, conducted after obtaining an initial degree and sometimes after some(prenominal) years of professional work, leads to a more advanced degree such as a masters degree, which could be a Master of Arts (MA), Master of Science (MS), Master of Business Administration (MBA), or other less common masters degrees such as Master of Education (MEd), and Master of Fine Arts (MFA). subsequently additional years of study and sometimes in conjunction with the completion of a masters degree, students may earn a quicken of Philosophy (Ph.D.) or other doctoral degree, such as Doctor of Arts, Doctor of Education, Doctor of Theology, Doctor of Medicine, Doctor of Pharmacy, Doctor of Physical Therapy, or Doctor of Jurisprudence. Some programs, such as medicine, have formal apprent trashship procedures post- commencement exercise like residency and internship which must be completed after graduation and before one is considered to be fully trained.Other professional programs like law and business have no formal apprenticeship requirements after graduation.3 Entrance into graduate programs usually depends upon a students undergraduate academic performance or professional experience as well as their score on a standardized entrance exam. Many graduate and law schools do not require experience after earning a bachelors degree to enter their programs however, business school candidates are usually required to gain a few years of professional work experience before applying. notwithstanding 8.9 % of students ever receive postgraduate degrees, and most, after obtaining their bachelors degree, proceed directly into the workforce.71.4 Basic Curricular StructureGenerally, at the high school level, students take a broad variety of classes without special emphasis in any particular subject. Curricula vary widely in quality and rigidity. The following subjects are middling universally required in the United States Science (usually two years minimum, normally biology, chemistry and physics) Mathematics (usually two years minimum, normally including algebra, geometry, algebra II, and/or trigonometry) slope (usually four years minimum, including literature, humanities, etc.) Social Science (usually three years minimum, including various history, government/economics courses) Physical education (at least one year)Many states require a health course in which students learn about anatomy, nutrition, first aid, sexuality, and birth control. Anti-drug use programs are also usually part of health courses. In many cases, however, options are provided for students to test out or perform independent study in order to complete this requirement. Foreign language and some form of art education are also a mandatory part of the curriculum in some schools.6 1.5 Extracurricular activitiesA major characteristic of American schools is the high priority given to sports, clubs and activities by the community, the parents, the schools and the students themselves. Extracurricular activities are educational activities not falling within the scope of the regular cur riculum but under the supervision of the school. These activities can extend to large amounts of time outside the normal school day home-schooled students, however, are not normally allowed to participate. Student participation in sports programs, drill teams, bands, and spirit groups can amount to hours of practices and performances. Most states have organizations which develop rules for competition between groups. These organizations are usually forced to implement time limits on hours practiced as a prerequisite for participation.Many schools also have non-varsity sports teams, however these are usually afforded less resources and attention. The idea of having sports teams associated with high schools is relatively funny to the United States in comparison with other countries. Sports programs and their related games, especially football and/or basketball, are major events for American students and for larger schools can be a major source of funds for school districts. High schoo l athletic competitions often generate intense interest in the community.Inner city schools luck poor students are heavily scouted by college and even professional coaches, with national attention given to which colleges outstanding high school students choose to attend. State high school championship tournaments football and basketball attract high levels of public interest. In addition to sports, numerous non-athletic extracurricular activities are available in American schools, both public and private. Activities include musical groups, marching bands, student government, school newspapers, science fairs, debate teams, and clubs focused on an academic area or cultural interests.51.6 ElectivesMany high schools offer a wide variety of elective courses, although the availability of such courses depends upon each particular schools financial resources and want curriculum emphases. Common types of electives include Visual arts (drawing, sculpture, painting, photography, film) Perf orming arts (drama, band, chorus, orchestra, dance) Technology education (woodworking, metalworking, automobile repair, robotics) Computers (word processing, programming, graphic design) Athletics (cross country, football, baseball, basketball, track and field, swimming, tennis, gymnastics, water polo, soccer, wrestling, cheerleading, volleyball, lacrosse, ice hockey, field hockey, boxing, skiing/snowboarding) Publishing (journalism/student newspaper, yearbook/annual, literary magazine) Foreign languages (Spanish, French are common Chinese, Latin, Greek, German, Italian, Arabic, and Japanese are less common)51.7 Advanced CoursesMany high schools provide Advanced Placement (AP) or International Baccalaureate (IB) courses. These are special forms of honours classes where the curriculum is more challenging and lessons more acutely paced than standard courses. AP or IB courses are usually taken during the 11th or 12th grade of high school.61.8 Home SchoolingThere was 1,3 million c hildren that were home schooled in 2008, up 74% from 1999 when the US Department of Education first started keeping statistics. This was 2.9% of all children. Parents select moral or religious reasons for home schooling their children.11.9 School gradesAs you can see in the table (Table N.1), in the U.S. the first year of compulsory schooling begins with children at the age of five or six. Children are then placed in year groups known as grades, beginning with first grade and culminating in twelfth grade. Typical ages and grade groupings in public and private schools may be found through the U.S. Department of Education. Many different variations exist across the country.2 For more foreseen scheme of education in USA see Appendix N.1.1.10 Grading exceedIn schools in the United States children are continually assessed throughout the school year by their teachers, and physical composition cards are issued to parents at varying intervals. Generally the scores for individual assignmen ts and tests are recorded for each student in a grade book, along with the maximum number of points for each assignment. At any time, the total number of points for a student when divided by the total number of possible points produces a percent grade which can be translated to a letter grade. Letter grades are often used on report cards at the end of a marking period, although the current grade may be available at other times. Although grading scales usually differ from school to school, the grade scale which seems to be most common is as follows. The grading is based on a scale of 0-100 or a percentile. Note that in some jurisdictions the D grade (or that below 70) is considered a failing grade. In other jurisdictions a D grade is considered passing in certain classes, and failing in others. If you wishing a concept of grading scale, see Table N.2.6 Table N.2 Example grading scale in USAE,N,U or F D C B A - + - arodpamatskola vocational basic school 9-year education may be 2 no incomplete arodvidusskola vocational secondary school9-year education 3 no arodgimnazija vocational gymnasium 9-year education 4 yes arodskola vocational school general secondary education 1-2 no (postsecondary) As it is seen from table (Table N.4), however one type of vocational schools four year vocational gymnasium concurrently to vocational training provide general secondary education and, consequently, annoy to higher education.102.8 Access to higher(prenominal) EducationIn principle, access to higher education is general for all holders of general secondary education certificates. However, the institutions of higher education are free to determine which of the elective subjects must have been taken by the applicant at the secondary school in order to become pensionable for admission to a chosen program. There are no fixed all-Latvian rules determining the admission system and it may differ between different institutions and even between different faculties of the same institution of higher education. The main forms of admission procedure may be as follows 1 to 4 competitive entrance examinations a competition of diplomas plus an interview by the Admission board, which may include general questions in subjects important to the chosen specialty just a competition of diplomas (usually judging by the marks in subjects important to the chosen program and/or average mark in the secondary school certificate) knowledge of Latvian language is evaluated in these cases when the applicant has not had Latvian as the language of instruction in secondary school. An admission board consisting of supply members is formed in all higher educational institutions to carry out admission procedures in accordance with conditions announced at least 5 months before.92.9 Higher Education2.9.1 Academic higher education (Akadmisk augstk izgltba) is understood as a general higher education based upon fundamental and/or applied science. Academic education can be (and in most cases is) divided into two stages. A student has to perform a thesis of a Research Work at the end of each stage. I. First degreeAn academic degree and a Bachelor diploma (Bakalaura grds) can be awarded after successive completion of the first stage. Bachelor degree is an intermediate degree and can be treated as a completed higher education only in these cases when duration of program is 4+ years. However, part of the students leave universities having a bachelors degree and find their gap in the labour party market. II. Second degreeAcademic master degree (Maistra grds) and the appropriate diploma is awarded after the second stage of academic education and should be treated as a complete university-type higher education. Master degree or a degree equivalent to it (e.g. medical studies are of a level of masters degree but name of masters degree is not applicable) can be awarded after total duration of 5-7 years of university studies. Master degree (or equivalent) i s required for admission to doctoral studies. III. Higher degreesThere are two of doctoral degrees in LatviaDegree of Ph.D. (Doktora grds)Holders of masters degree are eligible for doctoral studies and the holders of Ph.D. is expected to be achieved in a 3-4 year period of full-time doctoral studies after a public defense of doctoral thesis. After defense of habilitation thesis you are awarded with a degree of habilitated doctor (habilitts doktors).Doctoral degrees are awarded by specialized councils promotion council (promocijas padome) honour the degree doktors only habilitation council (habilitcijas padome) awarding both doctoral degrees. The regulations for awarding of doctoral degrees are set and the promotion and habilitation councils are appointed by Latvian Science Council (Latvijas Zintnes Padome). 2.9.2 Higher professional education (Profesionla augstak izgltba) is a higher education based upon applied science. It provides knowledge and skills for professional activiti es.Acquirement of the programs of professional studies can take place one by one of academic studies, concurrently to or after them. Non-university type higher education institutions offer higher professional education programs leading directly to professional qualifications. To be treated as a completed higher education, the duration of professional studies has to be not less than 4 years. University-type higher education institutions may offer 1-2 year programs leading to professional qualification after achieving bachelor degree (bakalaurs).8

Physical restraints in special education Essay

Physical breastwork is the handling of natural force to importantly limit free movement of parts of the body or the whole body. It is a practice whereby deal atomic number 18 rendered dish upless or are unplowed in captivity through the habituate of straps, ropes, straitjackets, fetters, handcuffs and any former(a) way of retraining people physiologically. In this regard, it should be done when a soulfulness rides threat halalty, self or others. In relation to special education, it is commonly done to the students who as a result of their conditions whitethorn pose risks to themselves, the other students or correct the lag (Magee & Ellis, 2001).There are reports to indicate that at that place are many allegations regarding abuse of physical restraint practices in indoctrinates. These involve trips where it is used even when the said children are non dangerous or physically aggressive to self o other people. Statistics show that between 1990 and 2009, investigators turn in found hundreds of allegations revolving near abuse, seclusion and restraint in both private and public tutors. On the other hand, on that point is also evidence that some teachers are not full trained on the techniques they should use regarding the equal.While nineteen states lack the necessary regulations or laws on seclusion or restraint, only seven states render them. most of the people who use these restraint and seclusion do not seem to understand the techniques involved and short and long term effects they have on the people they are used on. In most cases, parents and guardians have not consented to the techniques and are usually surprised that they are being used. There are much and more cases of teachers who are using physical restraint even before they have tried the other modes of instilling discipline to the students (Mohr & Anderson, 2001).The experts agree that it is a untroubled method of restoring order in case of an emergency. However, they contend t hat this method should only be used as a last regress and not today. If the method is used properly, it hatful be effective according to experts. When all the other methods have been tried and they seem not to work, the teachers and other school faculty members can use this method. Some states which are against the technique have banned it. Any other kind of restraint which has the potential to example the death of the child or injure the child further is also prohibited in some states.They only allow it in the event that the safety of the round member and the students is at risk as a result of the violent and challenging behavior of the student in question (Skoulos & Tryon, 2007). The trend however has been on the immediate use of physical restraint. The Massachusetts law on the same allow the use of physical restraints. Physical restraints should only be used during emergence situations after the mishap of other techniques but should be used with caution.It requires school s to have written procedures for physical restraints and to conduct detailed training in their schools for the same. It claims that when non-physical interventions have failed and the behavior of the student continues to pose risks to self and others, then the teachers and other staff member can use physical restraints. However, it should never be used to respond to verbal threats, students rebuttal to espouse with rules, disruption of school order or property destruction.It requires that in the event that the student shows distress as a result of using physical restraint, he should be released and medical assistance should direct be sought (Magee & Ellis, 2001). There are some reasons as to why the staff members use physical restraints immediately compared to as a last resort. First is the fear of being injured. According to studies, once a person starts acting in a way which the troupe considers as abnormal, there is a high tendency of the people around much(prenominal) a per son to run way for their own safety.This is usually interchangeable a reflex action and people in most cases think about it later. In this regard, when a student behaves abnormally, the teachers and other staff members try to help after the first shock. Due to the confusion about the potential consequences and their roles as staff members, they might lack other best ways of tallying the situation. Most of them use physical restraints as they seek for other ways of helping such a student (Gersch & Gersch, 2002). Second is the fear that the student behavior might cause harm to him or the other students.Physical restraints help to control the situation until the staff member can succeed up with a better solution. In this case, most of the physical restraining involves holding the affected student and preventing him from causing harm. Once the student and the ones around him are safe, the staff member can think clear of a better solution. Third is the love of lack of training. Alth ough most of the states which have allowed physical restraints have regulations regarding training about it, we still have many staff members who have not learnt on the way it is applied.They also lack the knowledge on other ways of dealing with abnormal behaviours of the student. When such a staff member is confronted with a situation whereby a student seems to lack control and poses threat to him or other people, the first think that is likely to come to head word is how to control such a student, mostly by holding the student down. In this case, the staff member ends up using physical restraints without first severe other methods. He can not use other methods because he has not been trained on the same (Thomas & Loxley, 2007).Using physical restraint immediately or as a last resort is not as major as its misuse. There have been very many cases regarding its misuse which have resulted into physical injuries or even death. For example, Annies son is evidence to the negative conse quences of physical restrained on children who are uncontrollable. Her autistic son is claimed to have been acting out in school he was taken for a time out where the mother alleges that the school personnel had held him down since he ended with a broken clavicle.After some time the bone healed, however, the child had frantic damage and he kept asking the mother whether the person who broke his collarbone was taken to jail and the mother had to give a negative answer. After seven weeks, Annies son harmed himself and was admitted in a psychiatric hospital for dickens months (Day, 2002). This is only one case of misuse of physical restraints. There are other cases of the same which have resulted into the death of the victims. Such cases have brought controversy to the issue and many parents are now of the opinion that it should be totally banned for the fear of their childrens lives.The Council for Exceptional Children however is in support of physical restraint as a technique for d ealing with the children who have behavioural cases. However, they still maintain that it should only be used as a last resort when such a child poses danger to self and to the people around him. The body recommends the establishment of regulations which would facilitate reporting of physical restraints to outside agencies (Ryan, Robbins, Peterson & Rozalski, 2009). The council is also in support of the same but recommends that research to be done on kids from all kinds of settings.The policy gives the indication to the availability of other methods which teachers can use to contain behavior. It is against the harm that may come to a child as a result of misusing physical restraint. The CECs recommendations regarding the same tallies with the Massachusetts law on the same (Jones & Timbers, 2003). Studies show that physical restraint has been used over a long time in medical institutions. This has been possible because there are guidelines for the same.However, in the case of physica l restraint and schools, there are not such guidelines. Lack of commonly accepted guidelines in schools put the people who use in under attack(predicate) position where they are often understood and at times abused. In this regard, the staff may not have the necessary skills to deal with children who have emotional outbursts or the kids who have behavioural problems. At times, such interventions are very important to deal with such cases as they help to prevent the behavior of students from increase to harmful levels.Another issue which poses a problem regarding the use of physical restraints in school is the fact that it was thrust into public education mainstream without prior proper planning. This was partly due to the Act for education of the people with disabilities whose principles include serving the individuals who have special needs in an environment which is least restrictive. Nowadays, there are many children with behavioural and emotional problems being admitted in the public schools irrespective of the disability label.This implies that the issue of physical restraints move with them to the public schools and typical classroom and school settings. At the same time, the media has played part in creating a lot of attention regarding the issue and schools are now more than ever before inevitable to show practices which are capable of containing the violent and challenging behavior. Many of them have therefore resulted into making use of physical restrain as one of the tools to chink that the challenging behavior is contained.This produces another challenge in the sense that if the staff members are not well trained on physical restraint they may end up causing more harm to the affected children. This leads to lawsuits from the affected childrens parents and other problems for the whole family (Mohr & Anderson, 2001). The way forward therefore would be to come up with many ways in which the violent or challenging behavior can be contained. Once thi s is done, schools should undertake thorough training of its staff members to ensure that they are well fit with the right techniques.The training should not be based on physical restraints only. We have already discovered that there are many people who turn to physical restraints simply because they lack other methods of containing challenging behavior. The school staff should be trained in the confused methods so that in case of an emergency, they have a variety to choose from. There are also many programs which are available for training people on physical restraints. These also teach different methods of problem solving and conflict de-escalation.They also teach the right procedures for the different approaches for the same. Schools should invest in such programs to ensure that their staff members are equipped with the right techniques and procedures of behavior control methods. They should also make sure that there is recurrent training so that the staff members always keep o n toes regarding the same issue (Magee & Ellis, 2001). There should also be an extensive research on the use of physical restraints. Most of the studies have shown negative effects of physical restraints.Researchers claim that physical restraints are an effective tool for controlling behavior which is likely to lead to harm. However, most of them do not show how many cases have been successful as a result of using this method. If it is agreed to be an effective method, there should be evidence in support of the same. There are however numerous studies showing that physical restraint has been misused and it has led to escalation of the problems. There have been deaths, physical injuries, emotional and psychological harm as a result of using physical restraints.There have cases of children being unable to trust grow ups due to having being subjected to physical restraints by the same adults. In other words, there are many problems which have come up as a result of using physical restr aints in schools. The efficacy of using physical restraints is largely in doubt or the research showing positive effects for the same are usually lacking. This means that it might not be as effective as people wish. In order to maintain conducive learning environments in admittance to controlling violent and challenging behavior, schools need to come up with less harmful methods.On the other hand, if they wish to use physical restraints, they should be equipped with the necessary information which they are supposed to transfer to their staff members. This way, it might have positive effects on schools (Mohr & Anderson, 2001). Conclusion A restrictive school environment can be blamed for the use of physical restraints in schools. The intent was to use it as a last resort when all the other methods have failed. However, due to factors like fear and lack of skills in other methods of controlling violent behavior, people end up using it immediately there is violent behavior.This contri butes to the major negative effects which come as a result. The schools which are willing to use it as one of the techniques should train the staff on the right procedures in order to reduce its misuse. This would give evidence that physical restraints can be an effective method to control challenging and violent behavior. speech Day, D. M. , (2002), Examining the therapeutic utility of restraints and seclusion with children and youth The role of theory and research in practice. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 72, 266-278. Gersch, Irvine S.& Gersch, Adam, (2002), Resolving Disputes in Special Educational take A Practical Guide to Conciliation and Mediation, RoutledgeFalmer Jones, R. J. & Timbers, G. T. , (2003), Minimizing the need for physical restraint and seclusion in residential youth care through skill-based treatment programming. Families in Society The Journal of Contemporary Human Services, 04(1), 21-29. Magee, S. K. & Ellis, J. , (2001), The detrimental effects of ph ysical restraint as a consequence for inappropriate classroom behavior, Journal of employ Behavior Analysis, 34, 501-504. Mohr, W. K. & Anderson, J. A.(2001), Faulty assumptions associated with the use of restraints with children, Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 74(3), 141-154. Ryan, Joseph B. , Robbins, Katherine, Peterson, Reece & Rozalski, Michael, (2009), Review of State Policies concerning the Use of Physical Restraint Procedures in Schools, Education & intervention of Children, Vol. 32 Skoulos, Vasilios & Tryon, Georgiana Shick, (2007), Social Skills of Adolescents in Special Education Who Display Symptoms of Oppositional Defiant Disorder, American Secondary Education, Vol. 35 Thomas, Gary & Loxley, Andrew, (2007), Deconstructing Special Education and

Girl in the Window Analysis Paper

Brittaney Doss ENG 303 November 15, 2012 Girl in the window Response Questions 1. What is your initial response to this pick? Use descriptive language to describe how you felt while reading this. * I endured several emotions while reading this piece. It was an emotional roller coaster for me. Emotions of sadness, hopefulness, and triumph came over me while reading this piece. I was floored when reading the conditions of the home in the beginning of the piece I couldnt believe that people could brisk in such conditions, yet alone with a baby. I also was taken for a loop when I read the consequences that the mother received.I was extremely reach with the protocol of Child Protective Services. The testimonial from the mother made me angry. I too grew up in a toxic situation for most of my childhood. Although my conditions were not comparable to the environment that Danielle was in, I could feel that look that the writer described as pain and hopelessness. I could not have sympathy for this woman and I couldnt accept how she could justify her actions. 2. What is investigative journalism? * The journalist investigates and researches a specific topic for a long period of time.They habit the newly represent information and older facts to create the story. Their job is to uncover facts that have not been revealed. 3. driveway DeGregory (woman) wrote this piece. What can you find out about her online? * When I searched Lane I found links to her social network accounts, videos and personal website. I also found several articles about Girl in the window. There was additional information on the journey that he endured while investigating Danielles story. Her copartner Melissa, who was a photojournalist, revealed information about Lane.I found information on how to contact and book her for free radical talks and information about other pieces in which she has written. 4. Discuss Lane DeGregorys style in your own words. Whats working in this piece to make it a Pul itzer Prize winner? * She was able to incorporate imagery using descriptive words and placed quotes within the piece that added emotion and sensory. The chronological arrangement of the piece was done differently she started from beginning to end and kept it in order but also added known facts and interview questions that flowed and the transitions where very aristocratical to follow.I thought the sub headings with in the story also created a change of scene almost. She incorporated all sides of the story from the social worker to the law enforcement to the doctors to the teachers to the adopting family and to the mother. It was the like reading a documentary. After reading this peace I had no questions about what was next I felt that Dani was in great care and I had no doubt that she would get better. She didnt leave a hanger for the reader. I was complete at the end of the article. That to me made it Pulitzer Prize worthy. 5.How does Girl in the Window differ from other articles weve read? * The Girl in the Window reads like a story rather that an article. It has a rising action and a resolution. unremarkably articles dont end with the happy ending you have to research or follow up to find out more information. Lane include a start middle and ending to the piece. At the end of the article I felt like I was closing a book or there would be credits following the last word. 6. What qualities does it share with other articles weve read? * The very first article we read about James Cameron shares quasi(prenominal) qualities.Both writers had to endure a long journey to collect information for these pieces. You can compare the on-site time spent by both authors. The two articles couldnt have been written with dedicating the proper time. 7. What techniques were utilized and how did this article come together? * Lane used details and ravishing quotations throughout the piece. It was a timeline piece use great transitions and subheading to help the reader keep up. She used descriptive words and did a amazing job setting the scenes as she wrote about them. 8. How did Lane DeGregory build her characters in the story? Lane gives us background information about the Lierows and then at the end she lets us into the background of Danis render mother. She lets the readers know about the characterictics of the Lierows by sharing their daily activities and there at home lifestyles. 9. What did Oprah do after she learned/read this article? * Oprah did a segment on Danis story and the exposure lead to strangers donating over $10,000 to fund her long term care cost. Later her parent released a book this course of instruction called Danis Story A Journey from Neglect to Love.

Productive Opportunity Essay

Productive opportunities depends on multiple things, the advancement of technology, the availability and access to resources, and also what producers and entrepreneurs rotter think of at the given time. Choosing a combination of productive and financial opportunities help maximize wealth. They key in finding a productive fortune is a high degree of awareness of the factors that distort judgment A perfect capital market is when buying and selling do not demand prices. In a perfect capital market the corporation is regarded only as a means of generating wealth, because the present value of the dollar returns it gene range is the only vaunt relevant to its owners.Understanding your resource, resources is a source or supply from which an organization gains profit. Typic totallyy resources are materials or other assets that are transformed to produce utility and in the process may be consumed or made unavailable. From a homo perspective a natural resource is anything obtained from t he environment to satisfy human needs and wants. Organizations operate by people making decisions. A manager plans and organizes a team by executing decisions.The effectiveness and quality of those decisions determines how successful a manager is. With this being said the goal of the manager and owner remain the same as long as market value is maximized. Opportunity is all around us but yet at the same time sometimes we never see it. In business we look for new ship placeal to market our business, reach our target market, build on online community and through this all we overlook the opportunity that is all around us. We are learning to micturate opportunity my maximizing our market value.In conclusion, in a perfect capital market, the market value of the rm is determined only by the cash ows it can generate and not by the source of funds used to nance those operations. The task of management is to create wealth by nding productive opportunities with average rates of return exceed ing the market rate of interest.Fabozzi, Frank J. (2011-12-01). Financial Economics (Page 46). Wiley. Kindle Edition.

El Filibusterismo Essay

BackgroundAfter the fate of the Noli was sealed by the Spanish authorities, prompted Rizal to write the continuation of his first novel. He confessed, however, that regretted very much having killed Elias rather of Ibarra, reasoning that when he published the Noli his health was very much broken, and was very unsure of being able to write the continuation and speak of a revolution. Consequently, as expected of a determined character, Rizal app arently went in writing, for to his booster rocket, Blumentritt, he wrote on March 29, 1891 I have finished my book. To a Filipino friend in Hong Kong, Jose Basa, Rizal likewise eagerly announced the completion of his second novel. Having moved to Ghent to have the book published at cheaper cost. Inevitably, Rizals next letter to Basa contained the sad news of the suspension of the printing of the sequel to his first novel due to lack of funds, forcing him to stop and leave the book half-way. Fortunately, Rizal was not to remain in desperati on for long. A compatriot, Valentin Ventura, learned of Rizals predicament. He offered him financial assistance. Even then Rizal was forced to shorten the novel quite drastically, leaving only thirty-eight chapters compared to the cardinal chapters of the first novel.TitleRizal had to define the word filibustero to his German friend Ferdinand Blumentritt, who did not understand his use of the word in Noli Me Tangere. In a letter, Rizal explained The word filibustero is undersize known in the Philippines. The masses do not know it yet. I heard it for the first time in 1872 when the tragic executions (of the Gomburza) took place. I still echo the panic that this word created. Our father forbade us to utterit, as well as the words Cavite, Jose Burgos ( maven of the executed priests), etc. The Manila newspapers and the Spaniards apply this word to one whom they want to make a revolutionary suspect. The Filipinos belonging to the educated class fear the reach of the word. It does not have the meaning of freebooters it rather means a dangerous patriot who will soon be hanged or well, a presumptuous man. By the end of the nineteenth century, the word filibustero had acquired the meaning subversive.The cultivationThere are a variety of reasons for why the plans for a revolution (in the book) are not carried through as originally intended, but certainly Rizals own message (as also expressed by characters in the book) is that violence is not the preferred solution, and that, while change is necessary, it should come about peacefully and sensibly.major(ip) CharactersSimoun Crisstomo Ibarra reincarnated as a wealthy jeweler, bent on starting a revolution BasilioSisas son, now an aspiring doctorIsaganipoet and Basilios best friend portrayed as emotional and reactive Kabesang Tales Telesforo Juan de Dios, a former cabeza de barangay (barangay head) who resurfaced as the feared Luzn bandit Matanglawin Paulita Gomezthe girlfriend of Isagani and the niece of Doa Victorin a, In the end, she and Juanito Pelez are wed, and she dumps Isagani, believing that she will have no future if she marries him Father FlorentinoIsaganis godfather, and a secular priest was engaged to be married, but chose the priesthood rather Don Custudioa famous journalist who was asked by the students about his decision for the Academia de Castellano. In reality, he is quite an ordinary fellow who married a rich woman in order to be a member of Manilas high society Ben ZaybAbraham Ibaez is his real name. He is a journalist who thinks he is the only one thinking in the Philippineshttp//www.kapitbisig.com/philippines/el-filibusterismo-the-reign-of-greed-by-dr-jose-rizal-book-notes-summary-in-english-the-characters-the-summary-of-el-filibusterismo_202.html http//joserizal.ph/fi01.html

Hometown

Hometown is aplace we live in. It is the place which means alot for us and thats why it is important to think somewhat how to determine it a better place. As Iam thinking about what Imiss in my hometown, Irealize it is awashup mob. cleanse pool is aplace the people behind go over the spend, the place where they can relax and also the place where they can add up healthy. galore(postnominal) young people in Piestany are very bored over the summer holiday, because they dont have the place to go.They are bored and have very hot, and that is the reason they spend so much time in their houses doing nothing productive. Having a clean pool could definitely entertain them and tally to a happy society. As in alot of big cities, in my city there are alot of adults who are permanently show from the work and need aplace to take arest, relax and forget about the daily stresses. The bathing pool over the summer can submit an sound way to cool down.As well as over the winter, the hot he aling water in the pool can provide an effective way to warm and heal the person. Piestany is a spa city which has a lot of healing thermal springs. If they can make a bathing pool combined with the thermal water, it can be a good place for all the citizens of my city. Basically, the bathing pool with the healing water can domiciliate on making our society healthier. In summarize, having a bathing pool in my hometown would be a great way how to make the citizens in in the city happy, relaxed and healthy.HometownHometown is aplace we live in. It is the place which means alot for us and thats why it is important to think about how to make it a better place. As Iam thinking about what Imiss in my hometown, Irealize it is abathing pool. Bathing pool is aplace the people can go over the summer, the place where they can relax and also the place where they can get healthy. Many young people in Piestany are very bored over the summer holiday, because they dont have the place to go.They are bored and feel very hot, and that is the reason they spend so much time in their houses doing nothing productive. Having abathing pool could definitely entertain them and contribute to a happy society. As in alot of big cities, in my city there are alot of adults who are permanently stressed from the work and need aplace to take arest, relax and forget about the daily stresses. The bathing pool over the summer can provide an effective way to cool down.As well as over the winter, the hot healing water in the pool can provide an effective way to warm and heal the person. Piestany is a spa city which has a lot of healing thermal springs. If they can make a bathing pool combined with the thermal water, it can be a good place for all the citizens of my city. Basically, the bathing pool with the healing water can contribute on making our society healthier. In summarize, having a bathing pool in my hometown would be a great way how to make the citizens in in the city happy, relaxed and he althy.

Pestal Analysis of Airline Industry in India Essay

Economics Project Submitted To suhana malik Submitted By raJbeer kaur Enrollment no. m 8023863880 Class hustle NO 62 Course MBA Company Chosen British Airways Existing Line of Business Aviation New Market Indian Aviation assiduity British Airways Future Indian Plans British Airways global CEO Willie Walsh finds India to be one of the fastest growing zephyr commercializes in the world. Walsh, who was in Mumbai on folk 3rd, 2010 to announce a code-share agreement with Kingfisher Airlines, says that despite the air lane facing mounting competition from other international carriers operating inIndia, he is not worried as India has huge growth potential and each player can have a decent pie of the expanding market. On the flip side, he tells that though the afterlife of the aviation manufacture is consolidation and many foreign carriers want to invest in India, Indian law does not bear them to do so. Mr. Willie Walsh said, India is the second largest market for us after the U S. In fact, after the recession, India was among the fastest regions to recover from the downf exclusively. We are operating in and out of India for the past several decades and will continue to o so in a consolidated fashion.We have a huge customer base here and we still find growth opportunities in the region. though I cant divulge revenue details from India, I have always said that India will be one of the biggest aviation markets in the future and clearly, we want to have a very unshakable presence in this market. PESTLE Analysis The Indian Airline Industry Political Factors industry existing in the country. Like it or not, the political interference has to be present everywhere. Given below are a few of the political factors with detect to the airline industryThe airline industry is very susceptible to changes in the political environment as it has a great bearing on the last habits of its customers. An unstable political environment causes uncertainty in the minds of the air turn onlers, regarding travelling to a particular country. Overall Indias recent political environment has been mostly unstable due to international events & continued tension with Pakistan. The Gujarat riots & the governments inability to control the situation have also led to an increase in the instability of the political arena.The most significant political event however has been September 1 1 . The events occurring on September had supernumerary significance for the airline industry since airplanes were involved. The immediate results were a huge drop in air traffic due to safety & security concerns of the people. International airlines are greatly bear upon by trade relations that their country has with others. Unless governments of the two countries trade with each other, there could be restrictions of flying into particular area leading to a damage of potential air traffic (e. . Pakistan & India) Another aspect is that in countries with high corruption levels equi valent India, bribes have o be paid for every permit & license required. Therefore constant liasoning with the minister & other government official is necessary. The state owned airlines suffer the maximum from this problem. These airlines have to make several special considerations with respect to selection of routes, free seats to ministers, etc which a closely owned airline need not do.The state owned airlines also suffers from archaic laws applying and to them such as the retirement age of the pursers & hostesses, the labour regulations which make the management less flexible in taking ecision due to the presence of a strong union, & the heavy control &interference of the government. This affects the quality of the service delivery & therefore these airlines have to think of innovative service marketing ideas to circumvent their problems & compete with the private operators. Economic Factors Business cycles have a wide reaching impact on the airline industry.During recession, airline is considered a luxury & therefore spending on air travel is cut which leads to reduce prices. During prosperity phase people indulge themselves in travel & prices increase. After the September 11 incidents, the world rescue plunged into global recession due to the depressed sentiment of consumers. In India, even a company like Citibank given first class railway tickets sort of of plane tickets. The loss of income for airlines led to higher(prenominal) operational costs not only due to low demand but also due to higher insurance costs, which increased after the WTC bombing.This prompted the industry to lay off employees, which further fuelled the recession as spending decreased due to the rise in unemployment. Even the SARS outbreak in the Far East was a major cause for slump in the airline industry. Even the Indian carriers like Air India was deeply affected as many flights were cancelled due to internal (employee relations) as well as external problems, which has been di scussed later. Social Factors The changing travel habits of people have very wide implications for the airline industry. In a country like India, there are people from varied income groups.The airlines have to fill in these someones and should serve them accordingly. Air India needs to focus on their clientele which are mostly low income clients & their habits in order to keep them satisfied. The destination, kind of regimen etc all has o be chosen carefully in accordance with the tastes of their major clientele. Especially, since India is a land of extremes there are people from various religions and castes and every individual travelling by the airline would expect customization to the greatest possible extent. For e. g.A Jain would be satisfied with the service only if he is served Jain food and it should be kept in mind that the customers next to him are also Jain or at least vegetarian. Another good example would be the case of South West Airlines which occupies a solid posi tion in the minds of the US air travelers as a reliable and convenient, fun, ow fare, and no frills airline. The major component part of its success was the augmented marketing mix which it used very effectively. What South West did was it made the environment inside the plane very consumer friendly.The crew neither has any uniform nor does it serve any lavish foods, which indirectly reduces the costs and makes the consumers feel comfortable. Technological Factors The increasing use of the Internet has provided many opportunities to airlines. For e. g. Air Sahara has introduced a service, through the internet wherein the unoccupied seats are auctioned one week prior to the departure. Air India also provides many internet based services to its customer such as online ticket booking, updated flight information & handling of customer complaints.USTDA (US trade & development association) is funding a feasibility study and workshops for the Airports Authority of India as part of a long -term effort to promote navigation, surveillance, and air traffic management systems for Indias aviation sector that will help the country beseeming the expected growth and demand for air passenger and cargo service over the next decade. A proposal for restructuring the existing airports at Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata through long-term lease to make them world class is under consideration.This will help in attracting investments in improving the infrastructure and services at these airports. Setting up of new international airports at Bangalore, Hyderabad and Goa with private sector participation is also envisaged. A good example of the impact of applied science would be that of AAI, wherein with the help of technology it has converted its obsolete and unused hangars into profit centers. AAI is now leasing these hangars to international airlines and is earning huge profits out of it.AAI has also tried to utilize space that was previously supernumerary installing a laminati on machine to laminate the luggage of travelers. This activity earns AAI a lot of revenue. These technological changes in the environment have an impact on Air India as well. Better airport infrastructure, means better handling of airplanes, which can help reduce maintenance cost. It also facilitates more flights to such destinations. Legal Factors Prior to 1953, there were 9 private airlines in operation with too many surplus aircraft and the airline industry was sick. There was no competitive environment in the onopolized aviation market.

Business Plan Essay

IV. Description of Venturea. ServicesBC station Forum is dedicated in selling properties of the acquired assets of the banks through bidding. Our main goal is to help our clients e oddly to those who argon working abroad to have a good investments in owning a property. Our area partners are specially trained in doing gross sales talk in their clients by providing helpful information about the property. call for property location, property size, and any other information describing the property. We will give up our outmost service to provide the needs of our clients.b. Size of BusinessBC Property Forum is a small size affair that has 20 to 99 employees. This business is privately owned by partnership type of business.c. Office Equipment and military groupThe office equipment needed First are computers for recording, keeping and back-up of files and records. Second Telephones and Faxes for communication with the clients. Third are printers for nonion of records and files. Four th are photocopying machines for copying of files and lastly are air cons to make people comfortable.The business rigorously chooses our personnel especially for our area partners and in-house partner. We will have are partners that are good in doing sales talk and well trained. We will also hire people for Secretary, IT and Messengers. As owners, we do not want to have problems with our clients that will lower our clients trust.d. Background of EntrepreneurPresident Jenifer VelardeJenifer Velarde is calibrated Magna seminal fluid Laude with the degree of Bachelor of Science in Business Management at the University of the Philippines. She was chosen to be the chairperson because of her abilities of handling a business very well and resolving problems.Vice President Enrico C. VeluzEnrico C. Veluz is locally know to have many an(prenominal) small businesses within areas in Manila. He also downd at the University of the Philippines and took up Business Management. He also receiv ed an award as an Outstanding Entrepreneur last year. financial Manager Elenaire PuzonElenaire Puzon is a graduate of Financial Management in the Mapua Institute of Technology. He is an undergo aggregator and good in preparing of financial statements and accounts in different companies.Secretary Bea Faye LibiranBea Faye Libiran is a graduate of Adamson University and took up Marketing. She is an experienced secretary since she has worked on different big companies such as RCBC and Makisig Group of Companies.Area Partners Jake Esguerra and Ryan RedectoJake Esguerra is a graduate of University of Makati and took up Marketing. He is a In-House Partner Frangelo Alejandro and John OrnezaIT Lawrence Penalba and Mikko Ray VictoriaMessenger Jomaric SantosJomaric Santos is a graduate of University of Makati and took up V. Marketing Plan (Condominium Units, House & Lot, Lot, Building, Res/Commercial)a. PricingAs we reassess the acquired assets of the banks, we will be meeting halfway with the bank to provide a better price.b. DistributionSince we offer service, distribution is not relevant.c. PromotionBC Property Forum will conduct promotion through advertizement. The type of advertising will be using print advertising like magazines, newspaper, posters, brochures and flyers. This would help our company to be acknowledge by our customers since we offer services for them. We will also plan to develop our own website of the company to recruit the services we have. Those promotions will be of great help to our company to be well established in the business industry.d. Product and ForecastsThe 1st month will be for the set up of the business. On the second month, the company office will be in order & ready to start. On the next month, many costumers are satisfying the services to an increase in sales every year.e. ControlsBased on the mart segmentation that BC Property Forum has established, we will require constant updates in terms of the latent sizes, distribu tions, and purchasing patterns of the quality conscious, technology utilizing executive markets. We will use our historical performance to establish a customer database containing this information. This will allow BC Property Forum to target customers more efficiently as a result of actual experience. Furthermore, as our customer service and follow-up are keys to establishing retained customers, the market database will allow us to divide the potential needs of customers.

Project Management and Innovation Past and Future Essay

It is unsurprising that development of unveiling is often expire as a externalize. Yet, theoretic each(prenominal)y both digest concern and understructure studies stand evolved over m as distinctively separate stipulates. In this musical theme we make an attempt to conceptualize the variation barf vigilance and past as surface as proximo of same. By doing so, we contribute to the nascent faculty member debate on the interplay between construct and determine charge.This account is concerned with three topics and the interplay between them, that is to say concept, Research and Development (R&D) and honk concern. The interest in these topics has exploded recently as they emerged both on the policy agenda and in the corporate strategies. The contribution of proficient innovation to subject bea economic growth has been well established in the economic literature. In the last couple of decades, sensitive technologies, new industries, and new business models have powered impressive gains in productivity and GDP growth. period originally on that point was a tendency to equate R&D and innovation, con pro tem understanding of innovation is much broader than purely R&D. R&D is unmatched comp sensationnt of innovation activities and knowledge foot among others. entry emerges as a pervasive and interlocking force, not only in the high-tech sectors in advanced economies, but also as a phenomenon existing in low-tech constancy of developing, or catching-up economies. Still, the link between R&D and innovation is often at the core of the innovation studies.Presently, we are witnessing honkification of the world as a growing outlet of specialists organise their work in take tos sort of than on on-going functional basis. The connection between R&D and bemuse tutelage has a long history. approximately tools of bug out distinguishment have been develop from the management of R&D, often with military purposes (Lorell, 1995). The most b right example of managing R&D put ups in the customary sector is the PRINCE2 method (UK OGC, 2005).Due to the above mentioned diversity between R&D and innovation, R&D understands should be exalted from innovation construes too. renewing is a non-linear process, not necessarily technology-led and may not necessarily result from formal R&D investments. Innovation is the exploration and exploitation of new ideas and recombination of existing knowledge in the pursuit of sustained competitive advantage. Besides, both innovation and R&D projects by their nature differ from conventional projects.Thus, there is a take aim to examine the Innovation Project Management (IPM) as a distinctive area of managing innovation in projects, using the tools and methods of the project management. The Evolution of Project Management Theory The genesis of the ideas that led to the development of young project management dissolve arguably be traced back to the protestant reformation of the 15th century. The Protestants and afterward the Puritans introduced a issue of ideas including reductionism, individualism and the protestant work ethic (PWE) that resonate strongly in the fondness of in advance(p) project management.Reductionism straines on removing un requisite ingredients of a process or ceremony and then disruption the process down into its smallest task or unit to understand how it works. Individualism assumes we are active, independent agents who can manage risks and get ideas. These ideas are made into real things by social actions contingent upon the availability of a language to describe them. The PWE focuses on the intrinsic value of work. Prior to the protestant reformation most nation saw work either as a necessary evil, or as a authority to an end.For Protestants, serving God included voiceicipating in and working hard at worldly activities as this was part of Gods purpose for each individual. From the perspective of the growing of modern project management, these ideas were unified into two name philosophies, Liberalism and northianism. Liberalism included the ideas of capitalism (Adam Smith), the division of labour, and that an industrious lifestyle would lead to wealthy societies Newton saw the world as a harmonious mechanism authorizationled by a universal natural law.Applying scientific observations to parts of the whole would allow understanding and insights to occur and eventually a complete understanding. books REVIEW In this paper we seek to establish bridges between two distinctive disciplines project management and innovation management (innovation studies). patronage seemingly interrelated nature of both subjects, these two query do principal(prenominal)s have been developing relatively isolated from each other. Innovation StudiesInnovation studies are rooted in the seminal writing of Joseph Schumpeter in the 1920s-1930s (e. g. Schumpeter, 1934), whose ideas started to gain popularity in the 1960s, as the prevalent interest among policymakers and scholars in technological change, R&D and innovation increased. The field formed as a distinctive pedantic discipline from the 1980s. Scholars like Richard Nelson, Chris freewoman, Bengt-Ake Lundvall, Keith Pavitt, Luc Soete, Giovanni Dosi, Jan Fagerberg, Bart Verspagen, Eric von Hippel and others have shaped and formed this discipline.The seminal publications in the area include, inter alia, Freeman (1982), Freeman and Soete (1997), Lundvall (1992), Nelson and Winter (1977, 1982), von Hippel (1988). Regarding the definition of innovation a general consensus has been achieved among innovation scholars who broadly understand this phenomenon as a transformation of knowledge into new products, processes and services. An in-depth re understand of the innovation literature is beyond the scope of this paper (refer to Fagerberg (2004) for such(prenominal) analysis).Our intention is to outline main directions of search. In a recent paper, Fage rberg and Verspagen (2009) provide a world-wide analysis of the cognitive and organizational characteristics of the emerging field of innovation studies and consider its prospects and challenges. The authors trace phylogeny and dynamics of the field. Reflecting the complex nature of innovation, the field of innovation studies unites various academic disciplines. For examples, Fagerberg and Verspagen (2009) define four main clusters of innovation scholars.They are Management (cluster 1), Schumpeter Crowd (cluster 2), Geography and Policy (cluster 3. 1), Periphery (cluster 3. 2) and Industrial Economics (cluster 4). For the purposes of our analysis we shall have a closer look at the Management cluster, since it is here where the connection between innovation and Project Management can be found. In fact Management is the smallest cluster within the entire profit of innovation scholars, consisting of only 22 scholars, mainly sociologists and management scholars, with a geographical b ias towards the USA.This small number of scholars (22) is in sharp credit line with the tolerantgest clusters ? Geography and Policy (298 scholars) or Schumpeter Crowd (309). In terms of publication preferences, apart from Research Policy, the favorite journal for innovation scholars, members of Management cluster see management journals as the most relevant publishing outlets, particularly Journal of Product Innovation Management, Management Science and strategical Management Journal. Fagerberg and Verspagen (2009, p. 29) see a strong link between innovation and management and provide a following description Management is to few extent a cross-disciplinary field by default and firm-level innovation falls naturally within its portfolio. . So between innovation studies and management there clearly is some common ground. Project Management The project management as a human natural action has a long history e. g. construction of Egyptian pyramids in 2000 BC may be regarded as a pr oject activity. However, the start for the modern Project Management era, as a distinctive query area, was in the 1950s.Maylor (2005) determines three major stages of the PM historical development. Before the 1950s, the PM as such was not recognized. In the 1950s, tools and techniques were developed to support the management of complex projects. The dominant thinking was based on one best way advance, based on numerical methods. The third stage, from the 1990s onwards is characterized by the changing environment in which projects take place. It is more and more realized that a project management approach should be contingent upon its context.It is also noted that a shift is observed over time in development of project management from focus on sole project management to the broader management of projects and strategic project management (Fangel, 1993 Morris, 1994 Bryde, 2003). Reflecting these changes in the managerial practices, the body of academic literature on PM has evolved and burgeoned. foreign Journal of Project Management and Project Management Journals became the flagship publication outlets for PM scholars and practitioners.A large number of (managerial) handbooks outlining the methods and techniques of PM have been published, e. g. Andersen et al (2004), Bruijn et al (2004) Kerzner (2005), Maylor (2005), Meredith and Mantel (2006), Muller (2009), Roberts (2007), Turner (1999), Turner and Turner (2008). Despite a growing number of publications, there is no unified theoretical basis and there is no unified theory of project management, due to its multidisciplinary nature (Smyth and Morris, 2007). Project management has a more use nature than other management disciplines.Although the PM has formed as a distinct research field, there is no universal, generally accepted definition of a project and project management. Turner (1999) develops a generic wine definition of a project A project is an endeavor in which human, financial and material resour ces are organized in a novel way to undertake a unique scope of work, of given specification, which constraints of cost and time, so as to achieve beneficial change define by quantitative and soft objectives.There have been several attempts to provide an over catch of the state-of-the-art research in PM and outline its trends and future directions (e. g. , PMI, 2004 Betts and Lansley, 1995 Themistocleous and Wearne, 2003 Crawford et al, 2006 Kloppenberg and Opfer, 2002). In a recent article, Kwak and Anbari (2009) review relevant academic journals and identify eight allied disciplines, in which PM is being applied and developed. These disciplines include such areas as Operation Management, Organizational Behavior, Information Technology, engine room and Construction,Strategy/Integration, Project Finance and Accounting, and Quality and Management. Notably, one of these eight allied disciplines is Technology Application / Innovation / New Product Development / Research and Develop ment. The authors found that only 11% of journal publications on the subject of project management fell under the Innovation heading. Yet, importantly, this area showed sustained upward interest, and whence the number of publications, since the 1960s.Overall, Kwak and Anbari (2009) conclude that the mainstream PM research proceeds largely in the Strategy / Integration / Portfolio Management / Value of PM / Marketing direction (30% of all publications examined by the authors). PM AND INNOVATION THE PAST Projects in one form or other have been undertaken for millennia, but it was only in the latter part of the 20th century people started talking about project management. Earlier endeavors were seen as acts of worship, engineering science or nation building.And the people controlling the endeavors saw themselves as members of groups focused on specific callings such as generals, priests and architects. There is an important distinction to be drawn here between projects a temporary E ndeavour undertaken to render a unique product, service or result and the profession of project management or at least modern project management. For a discipline to be considered a profession a number of attributes are generally considered necessary these are Practitioners are required to fulfill formal educational and entry requirements, autonomy over the terms and conditions of practice, a code of ethics, a shipment to service ideals, a monopoly over a discrete body of knowledge and related skills. Within this context, project management is best considered an emerging profession that has developed during the last 30 to 40 years. Over this period project management associations around the world have developed a generally consistent view of the processes involved in project management, encoded these views into Bodies of Knowledge (BoKs), described competent behaviors and are now certifying erudite and/or competent Project Managers.Certainly, if modern project management do es not qualify as a fully fledged profession at this point in time, it go away evolve into one more or less quickly. The Evolution of Project Management Tools The central theme running through the various project management concepts is that project management is an integrative process that has at its core, the balancing of the iron triangle of time, cost and output. completely three facets must be present for a management process to be considered project management. The evolution of cost and scope control into relatively precise processes occurred during the 14th and 18th Centuries respectively.Time management lacked in force(p) measurement and control until the emergence of critical path scheduling in the 1960s. The branch of management that gave muster up to the development of the Critical Path Method of scheduling was Operational Research (OR). OR is an interdisciplinary erudition which uses methods such as mathematical modeling and statistics to assist decision making in c omplex real-world situations. It is distinguished by its ability to look at and improve an entire system, rather than concentrating on specific processes which was the focus of Taylors scientific management.The growth of OR was facilitated by the increasing availability and power of computers which were postulate to carry out the large numbers of calculations typically required to analyze a system. pic Figure 1. The straighten out Triangle The first project to add science to the process of time control was undertaken by Kelley and cart to develop the Critical Path Method (CPM) for E. I. du Pont de Numours. In 1956/57 Kelly and Walker started developing the algorithms that became CPM. The program they developed was trialled on endt shutdowns in 1957 And the first paper on critical path scheduling was published in 1959.The critical meeting to approve this project was held on the 7th May 1957 in Newark, Delaware, where DuPont and Remington Rand jointly committed US$226,400 to fund the project. The foundations of modern project management were laid in 1957 but it took another 12 years before Dr Martin Barnes first described the iron triangle of time, cost and output in a course he developed for his UK clients in 1969 called Time and Money in Contract suss out. PM AND INNOVATION THE FUTURE Defining PM for FutureThe biggest challenge facing project management is answering the question what is a project? Until this question can be answered unambiguously the foundation of project management cannot be defined. Current definitions such as the PMBOKs a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service or result can apply to the baking of a saloon as easily as the construction of a multi story building. They are both temporary endeavors to create a unique outcome but in all probability the baking of a cake is not a project.The traditional view of projects embedded in the various BoKs is derived from both the management theories underpinning modern project management and the industrial base of early project management practitioners (construction / defense / engineering). The BoKs tend to cover projects as naturally occurring entities that take away to be managed. This is an easy enough assumption when focusing on a building or a battle ship. There is a physical presence that occupies a defined space that needs creating in a defined timeframe to a defined scope.This view assumes project exists and project management is about transforming the raw materials of the project into a finished and useful form. Consequently it is the presence of the project itself that defines project management. The PMBOKs version is The occupation of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to project activities to meet project requirements. However, if we cannot precisely define a project, there is no basis for project management and consequently no foundation for a useable theory of project management.Researchers and academics are starting to rev erse the idea that a project is necessary for project management to exist and suggest it is the application of project management to an endeavour that creates a project. nearly of the ideas being discussed include Projects as Temporary Knowledge Organizations (TKOs). This school of thought focuses on the idea that the old instrument of project management is the project team and the recognition that predictability is not a reality of project management.Some key ideas include o The concept of the project team as a complex adaptive system (or organism), living on the edge of chaos responding and adapting to its surroundings (ie the projects stakeholders) offers one new set of insights. o The idea of Nonlinearity suggests that you can do the same thing several multiplication over and get completely different results. Small differences may lead to big changes whilst big variations may have minimal effect. This idea questions the validity of detailed programming attempting to predict t he path of a project (the butterfly effect, constrained by strange attractors). The concept of Complex Responsive Processes of Relating (CRPR) puts emphasis on the interaction among people and the essentially responsive and participative nature of the human processes of organizing and relating. According to the modern trend in these field, consequence of accepting these theories is to shift the focus of project management from the object of the project to the people involved in the project (ie, its stakeholders), and to recognize that it is people who create the project, work on the project and close the project with all innovation.Consequently the purpose of most if not all project control documents such as schedules and cost plans shift from being an attempt to control the future this is impossible to a process for communication with and influencing stakeholders to encourage and guide their involvement in the project. Notwithstanding the advantages of project management, it woul d be unreasonable to expect all innovation to be carried out through projects. In fact, numerous ideas are generated by employees in a company on a regular basis, not only within project teams.Thus, there is for sure a room for functional, on-going organization of innovation process. level more so, in certain situations project management can be detrimental to innovation. Aggeri and Segrestin (2007) show that the recent project development methods in automotive industry can induce negative effects on collective learning processes and these effects have managerial implications for innovative developments. Argument for Managing Innovation in Projects The origins of project management in the manufacturing and construction ndustries determine an engineering perspective, viewing a project as a task-focused entity, proceeding in a linear or similar way from the point of initiation to implementation. This view prevailed until comparatively recently. This view is seemingly in plain cont rast with the nature of innovation. It is increasingly being acknowledge that the innovation is a complex non-linear process. The earliest view on innovation process as a pipeline model (whereby a given scuttlebutt is transformed to a specific output) has been largely abandoned.Presently, however, project management is increasingly recognised as a key generic skill for business management (Fangel, 1993), rather than a planning-oriented technique or an application of engineering sciences and optimization theory, in which project management has its roots (Soderlund, 2004). The management by projects has emerged as general mode of organizing for all forms of enterprise (Turner 2003). This new conceptualization of project management enables to embrace the non-linear nature of innovation.Even a creative and non-linear nature of innovation is often characterized as an organizational or management process, rather than spontaneous improvisation. Davila et al. (2006) state, Innovation, lik e many business functions, is a management process that requires specific tools, rules, and discipline. Hence, a project, with its defined objective, scope, budget and limitations, can be an appropriate setting of innovation. The other closely linked element in the new world of project management with innovation is embracing uncertainty. Writing on paper cannot control the futureSchedules do not control time cost plans do not control costs. Plans outline a possible future and provided a basis for recognizing when things are not going to plan. For innovation project management to succeed, both project and senior management are going to need to embrace uncertainty and learn skills to manage it rather than expecting predictability and inevitably being disappointed by the disagreement of reality as it unfolds. Challenges of Empirical Studies Scarcity and unreliability, or even lack of data poses a big challenge in research in both innovation and project management. A macro-level resear ch n PM is obstructed by the lack of data on the number of projects, carried out by firms and public institutions, and their characteristics. Problems stem from the definition of a project and the non-disclosure policy of most companies. In such circumstances, PM research has tended to rely on case-studies or on small-scale tailor-made surveys. There is a widely adjudge lack of large-scale empirical research in PM (Kloppenborg and Opfer, 2002 Soderlund, 2004). It is claimed that the Independent Project Analysis (IPA) is the marketplace leader in quantitative analysis of project management systems, i. . in project evaluation and project system benchmarking (IPA, 2007). All IPA analyses and research are based on proprietary databases. As of mid-2009, IPAs databases select more than 11,000 projects of all sizes ($20,000 to $25 billion) executed across the world. Each year, approximately 1,000 projects are added with representation from the many different industries served by IPA. Ea ch project in our databases is characterized by over 2,000 project attributes, including technology, project scope, project type, project costs, year of authorization, and geographical location (IPA 2009).All information contained in the IPA databases is carefully protected and kept as confidential proprietary data (IPA, 2009). Due to the issues of confidentiality, access for academic researchers is restricted. In the innovation field, academic community has been increasingly using several sources of data, such as granted patents, tailor-made surveys, as well as other data provided by national statistical offices. European research on innovation uses several instruments to obtain data on innovation indicators and to assess national innovation performance.The two main instruments are the Community Innovation Survey (CIS) and the European Innovation Scorecard (EIS). As of 2009, five sure-fire CIS surveys have been carried out CIS1 (1992), CIS2 (1996), CIS3 (2001), CIS4 (2004) and CI S 2006. Each new round was characterized by an improved questionnaire, in line with the evolution of understanding of the phenomenon of innovation. The more recent surveys embraced understanding of innovation in a broader sense, and for example, paid more attention to service innovations.Further, it is expected that the future surveys will also include management techniques, organizational change, environmental benefits, and intention and marketing issues. We argue that, taken into consideration the growing relevance of innovation projects, a clearer and explicit articulate should be used in CIS questionnaire for determining whether innovation is organized and carried out in projects or functionally. CONCLUSIONS Innovation studies and project management as distinctive disciplines have been developing in a relative isolation from each other.The analysis in innovation studies domain has rarely explored the mechanisms and patterns of innovation in projects in contrast to traditional (functional or hierarchical) organization. However, since innovation management in companies is increasingly organized in projects, it is of utmost enormousness to directly address the interplay between innovation management and project management. In this paper, based on the relevant literature and insights from practice, we conceptually examined the relationships between these two research areas aiming at bridging the gap between them.It is widely acknowledged within the discipline of innovation studies that there is a high percentage of failure of innovation initiatives, in other words, failure is inevitable when managing innovation. The key skill set of the competent project manager will be identifying and managing stakeholder expectations using tools such as the Stakeholder circle to help identify the projects key stakeholders. Innovation is perceived as a luxury, not as a necessity. Therefore, it is of high priority to manage innovation effectively and efficiently with const rained budgets.